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DUKE UNIVERSITY

DIVINITY SCHOOL LIBRARY

GIFT OF

Duke Divinity School Alumni Association

IN MEMORY OF

Bishop Paul Neff Garber

THIS SET

WAS PRINTED

IN A LIMITED EDITION

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THIS IS MUMrB-ER ^^

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Duke University Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo01harm

THE

;ncyclopedia

RLD ,THODIS

JOHN WESLEY

painted by John Michael Williams, R.A., in 1742 when

Wesley was in his fortieth year.

(reproduced by permission of Wesley College, Bristol, England, location of the original portrait)

T

NCYCLOPEDIA

DI!

Sponsored by The World Methodist Council

and The Commission on Archives and

History of The United Methodist Church

Bishop of The United Methodist Church, General Editor

JDJQ/\ Kj\JUB>

LOUISE L. QUEEIs

Assistants to the General Editor

VOLUME I

Prepared and edited under the supervision

of The World Methodist Council and The

Commission on Archives and History

Published by The United Methodist Publishing House

Copyright © 1974 by The United Methodist Publishing House

All rights in this book are reserved. No part of the book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission of the publishers except brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information address The United Methodist FubUshing House, 201 Eighth Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37202.

ISBN 0-687-11784-4

SET UP,	PRINTED, AND BOUND BV TI	IE PARTH	lENON	PRESS A
NASHVU	-LE, TENNESSEE, UNITED	STATES	OF	AMERICi

BISHOP NOLAN B. HARMON

General Editor

Frank Baker

Robert J. Bull Elmer T. Clark Fred P. Corson

Frank H. Cumbers Maldwyn L. Edwards F. Gerald Ensley Albea Godbold Odd Hagen

Assistant Editor

idr^

John H. S. Kent Frederick E. Maser T. Otto Nall John H. Ness, Jr.

Frederick A. Norwood Louise L. Queen Lee F. Tuttle Walter N. Vernon, Jr.

Assistant Editor

EDITORIAL BOARD 1'^'^"^^

Nolan B. Harmon, a.b., m.a., d.d., l.h.d., litt.d., ll.d. General Editor

Frank Baker, b.a., b.d., ph.d.

Editor-in-Chief, Oxford Edition of Wesley's Works;

Professor of English Church His- tory

The Divinity School, Duke Uni- versity

Durham, North Carolina

Robert J. Bull, b.a., b.d., s.t.m.,

PH.D.

Professor of Church History Drew Theological Seminary Madison, New Jersey

Fred P. Corson, a.b., a.m., b.d.,

D.D., L.H.D.

Bishop and Past President World Methodist Council Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

F. Gerald Ensley, a.b., s.t.b.,

PH.D., D.D., L.H.D., LL.D.

Bishop and Past President World Methodist Council, Ameri- can Section Columbus, Ohio

Albea Godbold, b.a., b.d., m.a.,

PH.D., D.D.

Chairman of the Editorial Board

Frank H. CtrMBERS, b.a., b.d., d.d.

Book Steward and General Man- ager

The Methodist Publishing House, London (1948-1964)

Colchester, Essex, England

Maldwyn L. Edwards, m.a., b.d., PH.D., d.d. President Former International

John C. Bowmer, m.a., b.d., ph.d. Archivist Methodist Archives and Research

Centre London, England

Leland D. Case, b.a., m.a., litt.d.,

D.D.

Editor, Author, and Historian Former Editorial Director of Meth-

and Assistant to the General

Editor of the Encyclopedia Executive Secretary Emeritus,

Commission on Archives and

History The United Methodist Church Lake Junaluska, North Carolina

Frederick E. Maser, a.b., th.b., m.a., d.d., ll.d. Executive Secretary World Methodist Historical Society Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

T. Otto Nall, a.b., b.d., d.d., litt.

D., LL.D.

Bishop and President

Former Association of Methodist

Historical Societies The Methodist Church Hong Kong, China

John H. Ness, Jr., b.a., b.d., l.h.d. Executive Secretary Commission on Archives and

History The United Methodist Church Lake Junaluska, North Carolina

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Methodist Historical Society Bristol, England

John H. S. Kent, m.a., ph.d.

Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History

and Doctrine The University of Bristol, England (Overall British Editor)

CONSULTANTS

odist General Church Publica- tions Tucson, Arizona

J. Manning Potts, m.a., th.b.,

TH.M., D.D., LITT.D.

Former Editor and Church

Historian The Upper Room Crystal River, Florida

Frederick A. Norwood, b.a., b.d.,

PH.D.

Professor of the History of Chris- tianity Garrett Theological Seminary Evanston, Illinois

Louise L. Queen, Assistant to the General Editor Administrative Assistant Commission on Archives and His- tory The United Methodist Church Lake Junaluska, North Carolina

Lee F. Tuttle, a.b., b.d., d.d. General Secretary World Methodist Council Lake Junaluska, North Carohna

Elmer T. Clark, b.d., a.m., s.t.d., LL.D., litt.d. First General Editor (deceased 1966)

Odd Hagen, m.a., d.d., ll.d. Bishop and President World Methodist Council (deceased 1970)

Walter N. Vernon, Jr., a.b., m.a., b.d., litt.d.

Administrative Associate Editor United Methodist Board of Educa- tion Nashville, Tennessee

Edwin A. Schell, b.s., b.d. Archivist and Executive Secretary Baltimore Conference United

Methodist Historical Society Baltimore, Maryland

Bruce C. Souders, b.a., b.d.

Chairman of English Department Shenandoah College Winchester, Virginia

AREA EDITORS

And Their Responsibilities

HOBART B. AmSTUTZ

Bishop and Former Superintendent Malaysia Singapore Area. Eugene,

Oregon. South East Asia

Albert Aspey

Chairman of District and General

Superintendent The Portuguese Methodist Church.

Douro, Porto. Portugal EiLERT Bernhardt Minister. Oslo. Norway

David H. Bradley, b.a., m.a.,

PH.D.

Secretary, African Methodist Epis- copal Zion Church

Historical Society. Bedford, Penn- sylvania

A.M.E. Zion Church

Byron W. Clark

Field Correspondent, United Meth- odist Board of Missions, Manila, Philippine Islands.

Philippines

John B. Cobb, b.a., b.d., d.d.

Missionary to Japan (1918-1964)

Claremont, California

Japan

Donald G. L. Cragg, m.a., ph.d. John Wesley College, Alice, C.P.,

South Africa (together with Leslie A. Hewson) South Africa

Paul Elungworth, m.a., b.a. Missionary in Dahomey (1957-61)

and in Cameroon ( 1954-67) ; Education Secretary, Methodist

Missionary Society, London. Indonesia and Africa

Garfield Evans, m.a., d.d.

Pastor and College President in

Cuba (1924-57). Lakeland, Florida Cuba

George E. Failing, d.d.

Editor, The Wesleyan Methodist,

Marion, Indiana

The Wesleyan Methodist Church of America

Goldwin S. French, ph.d.

Chairman, Department of History,

McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Canada

R. D. Eric Gallagher, m.a., b.d. Secretary of the Conference, The

Methodist Church in Ireland. Belfast, (together with Frederick

JeflFery) Ireland

Ralph G. Gay, b.d.

Director, Wesley Foundation,

Glenville State College Glenville, West Virginia Christian Methodist Episcopal Church

Leslie R. M. Gilmore, b.a.

Secretary, Wesley Historical

Society of New Zealand, Morrisville, New Zealand Neiv Zealand

John O. Gross, s.t.b., d.d., s.t.d.,

L.H.D.

Former General Secretary of Edu- cational Institutions,

Board of Education, The Methodist Church

Nashville, Tennessee

Educational Institutions, U.S.A.

Leslie A. Hewson, m.a., ph.d.

Historian, South African Method- ism

Grahamstown, C.P., South Africa.

(together with Donald G. L. Cragg)

South Africa

Mansfield Hurtig, b.d. Minister.

Vastervik, Sweden. Finland and Sweden

Frederick Jeffery, o.b.e., b.a.,

A.K.C.

Vice Principal, Methodist College,

Belfast, Ireland (associated with

R. D. E. Gallagher). Ireland

Francis P. Jones, th.d.

Director of Literature Program for Nanking Theological Seminary, Foundation for Theological Edu- tion in Southeast Asia.

Claremont, California

China

Alan Keighley, b.d., m.a.

Pastor, English Language Congre- gation of (Rome) Chiesa Evangclica Methodista D'ltalia (to- gether with Reginald Kissack). Italy

Willis J. King, ph.d., d.d., ll.d. Bishop in Liberia (1944-56) New Orleans, Louisiana Liberia

Reginald Kissack, m.a., b.d.

Chairman of Liverpool District,

England, (former pastor in Rome) Italy

Byron S. Lamson, b.d., d.d.

Editor, The Free Methodist, Winona Lake, Indiana. Free Methodic Church

John Lawson, ph.d.

Associate Professor of Church

History, Candler School of Theology,

Atlanta, Georgia. Doctrinal Articles

Mrs. Eula Kennedy Long, b.a. Brazilian missionary leader and

author (1913-34). Roanoke, Virginia. Brazil

Neils Mann, b.d.

Pastor, Central Mission, Copenhagen, Denmark. Denmark

Edwin Maynard, a.b., m.a.

Editorial Director, Division of Interpretation,

United Methodist Church, Evans- ton, Illinois. Latin America

J. Gordon Melton, b.a., b.d.

Institute for the Study of American

Religion, Evanston, Illinois. Methodist Variations, U.S.A.

John H. Ness, Jr., b.a., b.d., l.h.d. E,\ecutive Secretary, Commission

on Archives and History, United Methodist Church, Lake

Junaluska, North Carolina. Evangelical United Brethren

Church

Ted Noffs, b.d.

Pastor, Wayside Chapel, Sydney,

Australia. Australia

J. Waskom Pickett, b.a., m.a.,

D.D., LL.D., L.H.D.

Bishop in India (1936-56). Dearborn, Michigan India

Ralph Habdee Rtves, ph.d.

Department of English, East Caro- lina University, Greenville, North Carolina. Methodist Protestant Church

Clement D. Rockey, m.a., ph.d. Bishop of Burma (1941-51); of Pakistan (1957-64).

Eugene, Oregon. Pakistan

Charles A. Sauer, m.a., d.d.

Former missionary and education

leader in Korea, Ashley, Ohio. Korea

Hermann Schaad, b.d. Pastor, Basel, Switzerland. Switzerland, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Austria

Shockley, b.d., m.a., Candler School of

Grant S ed.d.

Professor,

Theology, Atlanta, Georgia. A.M.E. Church

C. Ernst Sommer, m.a., m.ed.,

PH.D.

Bishop

Frankfurt.

Germany

Edwin L. Taylor, b.d.

Conference Secretary, The Meth- odist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas.

St. Johns, Antigua.

West Indies

Willl\m G. Thonger, d.d.

Former Superintendent, Belgian Conference.

AREA EDrrORS

Brussels. Belgium

Erris C. H. Tribbeck

Pastor, Rue Roquepine, Paris, (together with H. E. Whelpton) France

Vaclav Vancura

Methodist Superintendent in

Czechoslovakia. Podebrady. Czechoslovakia

Gustavo A. Velasco Professor, Mexico City. Mexico

Gaither p. Warfield, a.b., m.a., b.d., d.d. Former missionary to Poland, and

Executive Secretary, Methodist Commission on Overseas

Relief. Rockville, Maryland. Poland

H. E. Whelpton

Pastor, Mantes, Yvelines, France, (together with Erris C. H. Trib- beck) France

Werner T. Wickstrom, ph.d. Former missionary to Liberia. Harlingen, Texas (together with

Bishop Willis J. King). Liberia

HOBAHT B. AmSTUTZ

Southeast Asia

Albert Aspey Spain and Portugal

EiLERT Bernhardt Norway

David Bradley A.M.E. Zion Church

Byron W. Clark Phihppines

D, G. L. Cragg South Africa

Garfield Evans	George E. Failing	G. S. French	R. D. E. Gallagher
Cuba	Wesleyan Methodist Church of America	Canada	Ireland

Ralph G. Gay C.M.E. Church

L. R. M. Gilmore

New Zealand

John O. Gross

Educational

Institutions, U.S.A.

Mansfield Hubtig Sweden

Frederick Jeffery Ireland

Francis P. Jones China

Byron S. Lamson	John Lawson	EuLA K. Long	Niels Mann
Free Methodist	Doctrinal Articles	Brazil	Denmark
Church

Edwin H. Maynard South America

J. Gordon Melton

Methodist Variations, U.S.A.

Ted Noffs Australia

J. Waskom Pickett India

Ralph H. Rives M.P. Church

Clement D. Rockey Pakistan

Charles A. Sauer Korea

Hermann Schaad	Crant Shockley	C. Ernst Sommer	Edwin L. Taylor
Switzerland	A.M.E. Church	Germany	Church of the Caribbean

William G. Thonger Belgium

Vaclav Vancura Czechoslovakia

Gustavo A. Velasco Mexico

Gaither p. Wabfield Poland

History as a report of what has happened comes out of life. This is true also about our Methodist history. From its very beginning Methodism has been an ongoing move- ment. Individuals and people were by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit converted, committed and commissioned to serve other individuals and nations with the new- creating Word of God. We can today see the footprints of these marvelous people all over the world and we sincerely hope that Methodism's endless hne of splendor has not yet come to an end.

Interwoven in this Methodist movement are persons, institutions, initiatives, changes, fulfillments and much more. Some people have names well known to World Methodism and even to World Christianity. Other names are not so well known but beloved in their own part of the world for what they did in promoting the Kingdom of God. Some of these people, institutions, movements are

already forgotten by most of us, but others are still in fresh remembrance.

These volumes are written to make history alive, that we should not forget our forefathers. If you find this story well written, it may partly be due to the authors and editors, and we certainly thank those who have edited these volumes, the late Dr. Elmer T. Clark and these last years. Bishop Nolan B. Harmon. But it is in the first hand thanks to those who wrote history with their life and work and so fully committed themselves to the Divine caUing that history became ahve.

Stockholm, March 8, 1968

Odd Hagen

President, World Methodist Council

Bishop, Northern Europe Area

D II

In this modem age it is natural that the Methodist Church in various countries should seek closer union with churches akin to it in theological emphases and historical antecedents. Nevertheless there persists as strongly as ever the realisation of Methodists that, in John Wesley's phrase, they are one people in all the world. They honour their common beginnings in the 18th century, they rejoice in their theological emphases and social witness, and they believe that each member of the World Methodist Council can bring its own riches to the common treasury.

For all these reasons it is not only essential to have periodic meetings of the Council and its Executive, to- gether with visits of ministers and laymen to various countries, but also an authoritative work of historical reference for Methodists everywhere. The French have a proverb that in order to jump forward one must step back. We do not go back to Wesley and our fathers as a means of escapism. In a word, it is not back to Wesley but forward from Wesley. We know our past in order that we may plan our future. Without such knowledge as this massive work of research supplies, we would not know our genealogy, nor the roll-call of our

honoured dead, nor the legacy into which we have entered.

The Encyclopedia is of special interest in its world- wide reference. Even the most knowledgeable may be unaware of the inspiring story of Methodism in countries other than their owti.

Most important of all in this ecumenical age is the need for Methodists to know their own history and dis- tinctive witness in order that they may enter fruitfully into dialogue with members of other churches.

For all these reasons this work, which may properly be called unique, needs not only to be in public but private libraries. It has been edited with distinction and it will be welcomed and deeply appreciated by all those who know that our future is indissolubly linked with our past.

Cardiff, Wales, May 24, 1968 Maldwyn Edwards President, International Methodist Historical Society.

PREFAC]

This Encyclopedia is designed to give helpful informa- tion regarding the history, doctrines, institutions, and important personages, past and present, of world Meth- odism. For well over half a century Methodist ecumenical gatherings and historical societies have been requesting such a publication — one which might embody in a clear, comprehensive way the works and ways of the Methodist movement over the whole world.

In response to this expressed need, some years ago Dr. Elmer T. Clark, then both executive secretary of the Association of Methodist Historical Societies and the American secretary of the World Methodist Council, be- gan to make plans and to collate material for what was then planned as a "Methodist Dictionary." Dr. Clark had numerous conferences with historians, publishers, libra- rians, and other interested persons both in Britain and in America. Repeated contacts were made with representa- tives of the Methodist "connection" in many lands, all of whom proved helpful and cooperative, and a vast amount of material began to be gathered from far and near.

Dr. Clark, however, because of advancing years, asked to be relieved of editorial responsibility in 1964, and to the regret of all has not lived to see the completion of this work. The present editor took charge upon Dr. Clark's retirement, and he, with a competent stafiF of writers, consultants, and collaborators, has endeavored to carry through and finish the work so well planned and begun these several years ago.

The Enajchpedia of World Methodism, as it came to be called, was sponsored and financed by the World Methodist Council and the Commission on Archives and History of The United Methodist Church, formerly known as the Association of Methodist Historical Societies. The Publishing House of The United Methodist Church, U.S.A., has generously assumed the expense both of pub- lishing and promoting the Encyclopedia, looking to the editors to be responsible for the compilation of the complete manuscript, and for the relevance and accuracy of all items herein presented.

It should be noted that almost a century ago a Cyclopaedia of Methodism was compiled and published by Bishop Matthew Simpson of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America. Likewise, Canadian Methodism brought out the Cyclopedia of Methodism in Canada in 1881, edited by the Reverend George H. Cornish; and the Centennial Encyclopedia of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, edited by Bishop Richard R. Wright, Jr., was pubhshed in 1916. But Bishop Simpson's Cyclopaedia has long been outdated, and while it en- deavored in its day to reflect Methodism in America, in Britain, and, as far as then was possible, in other lands, it naturally fell short of the comprehensiveness which a like publication must have today. Furthermore, epochal changes over the whole earth, as well as the enormous growth of Methodism itself, have occurred since 1876 when Simpson compiled his work, and with this growth

has come a vast amount of new content, as well as of change, in world-wide Methodism. The present editors, however, would like to acknowledge their indebtedness to Bishop Simpson's Cyclopaedia as a pathfinder in this effort. The Canadian work is largely a biographical listing of the ministers and churches of that land, though we are indebted to it and to the Canadian editor for many in- formative articles which are to be found therein. The same is true also of the African Methodist Episcopal Church encyclopedia, which makes quite a contribution in outlining the personalities and institutions of that con- nection.

As world-wide Methodism itself has become more and more conscious of its unity, and more and more assured, as John Wesley expressed it, that "the Methodists are one people," the time has arrived for an encyclopedic publication to be produced not for one land or church, but for ecumenical Methodism itself. The editors and the sponsors of this work, therefore, hope to provide for the ministers and thinking laity of the Methodist connection everywhere, and for all other interested persons, the means whereby may be ascertained all manner of essential facts regarding Methodist history and development in the past, as well as its personal and institutional life of the present — and this in all lands and among all people where Methodism has made its home.

Since The United Methodist Church in America (which has underwritten the expenses of this project) with its eleven million members is the largest organized body among the Methodist Churches of the world, it is almost inevitable that the history, organization, institutions, and personalities of that church should take up a proportion- ately greater part of this work than do the other Methodist bodies herein presented. It is hoped that the world-wide Methodist public for whom this work is produced will understand and sympathize with this fact, as well as with the difficulties of securing comparable information from every other Methodist community throughout the world — though this last has painstakingly been at- tempted.

The Methodist Church of Great Britain has shared greatly in planning and collating the material for this Encyclopedia, and through a competent original planning committee and a talented editor, is to be thanked for an enoimous contribution to its publication. Admittedly, all the Methodisms of the world stand in debt to that of Great Britain as the cradle of the whole movement. Our British editorial staff therefore has taken great pains to set forth as far as possible all matters having to do with the beginnings of Methodism in Britain; and the historic sites, cities, important activities, and leading persons of the Methodist movement there, from its beginning until now, will be found in these pages. Many British writers have contributed interpretative articles of great value, as well as of historical import, to these pages.

In the coverage extended by this Enctjclopedia to all organized Methodist Churches in various parts of the world, it will of course be understood that practically all these have stemmed either from British or American Methodism. Thus their particular organizational patterns, rituals, service books, and nomenclature have been pri- marily influenced by one or the other of these two mother- land Mefhodisms from which they came. A more detailed description and heavier emphasis, therefore, has had to be placed upon the antecedent British and American "connections" and their fundamental organizational pro- cesses than it has been possible to give to different Meth- odist groupings in other parts of the world. The Methodist bodies today are not only many and varied, but have each in their turn modified through the years their re- spective original organizational and worship patterns. Obviously it would be well-nigh impossible to follow out all such changes in each church now treated in this work.

For instance, the organization of the General Board of Missions of The United Methodist Church, or as it is in England, the Methodist Missionary Society, can each respectively be described in overall and fairly specific separate accounts, bringing up to date their present activities. But it would be impossible in this work to attempt to tell how each of the separate Methodist con- nections in different parts of the world, or the different Methodist Churches as now organized, carry on the details of their particular missionary work. We do, however, in the overall article relating to each church or connection (apart from the United Methodist Church or the British Methodisms) endeavor to outline that church's general work in the field of missions, as also in that of education, publishing interests, etc.

Method of Compilation

In compiling this work, it was necessary to secure an editor and in some instances an editorial staff in each respective land or in each organized branch of Methodism. These editors assumed the responsibility of fumi.shing primarily a general history of the development of Meth- odism in their particular region or separately organized church; and also of preparing biographies of those persons who, past and present, have had the most to do with its progress. The names of the respective editors with the countries or churches they have represented in this compilation will be found in the list of Area Editors.

In addition to the regional editors, as those for instance in South Africa, Germany, South America, New Zealand, etc., the large, separately organized Methodist connec- tions which have stemmed from the Methodist Episcopal Church in America — such as the African Methodist Epis- copal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, the Free Methodist Church, and others — have likewise each been represented by a special editor chosen in almost all cases from the particular connection involved. These per- sons have been responsible in their turn for compiling and sending in the material descriptive of the life, in- stitutions, and personalities who have been a part of their church's institutional hfe. In one or two instances it was found difficult to secure an editor from the connec- tion to be treated, and therefore it was necessary to secure other knowledgeable and competent editorial help.

American Historical Societies

In the United States, the Methodist Historical Societies of the different annual conferences and regions were originally asked to nominate the persons and institutions whose accounts should be treated, in order that a history of the progress of Methodism in their respective areas might be obtained. Each official Historical Society was at an early date supplied with printed forms on which they nominated personalities, colleges, pioneer churches, camp grounds, and the like, which had meant much in their past Methodist life. They were also asked to indicate persons who might be able to write authoritatively con- cerning such items nominated for inclusion. In taking over from Dr. Clark the task of completing this work, the present editor followed this same course until from all the annual conferences in the U.S.A. he had secured listings which the regional Methodist leaders or Historical Societies felt would represent fairly their own organiza- tions. The editor of the Encyclopedia and sponsoring authorities have been guided by each local Historical Society's judgment upon the names and institutions which they indicated should be included — or excluded.

In addition to these nominations from regional editors and Historical Societies, Bishop Simpson's Cyclopaedia of Methodism of a hundred years ago was carefully ex- amined, as well as other books which might be expected to contain a treatment of important persons or events perhaps otherwise overlooked.

For the record of significant personalities, the editors searched Who's Who in American Methodism, edited by Carl Price (1916); and also Who's Who in Methodism edited by Elmer T. Clark (1952); as well as Who's Who in The Methodist Church, published by the A.N. Marquis Company (1966). Clinton Howell's Prominent Personali- ties in American Methodism (1945) was also carefully examined. It is inevitable that some omissions will be noticed which should have been included; and there wall also probably be instances where the inclusion of certain items or biographies will be called in question. All has however been subject to editorial review and definite action with regard to every item. (The special guide- lines which were adopted in selecting biographies will be indicated later in this Preface. )

Categories of Presentation

Beside the regional editors and those for the different large Methodist connectional bodies which have their own life and history, there are various categories of pre- sentation in this work each of which was put under the supervision of a competent editor. Such separate, but important, fields as Methodist doctrine, education and educational institutions, eleemosynary institutions, worship practices and ritual — each of these categories was super- vised by a special editor. In the list of Area Editors will be found the names of these special editors, and their re- sponsibilities.

Biographical Coverage

It will be noticed that a very large proportion of the Encyclopedia is taken up with biography — the lives of men and women whose careers had much to do with the Methodist movement in their respective lands and times.

This is because admittedly the story of Methodism cannot be told apart from the Methodists who have made it. We have therefore endeavored in this work to outline the lives and indicate the character of all persons who have had a significant part in its larger life. Some have been very important, some not so important, but each person appearing in this work has been nominated for inclusion by those who were in position to evaluate the lives so chosen, and to judge of their import in their respective fields of endeavor. If, therefore, biographies seem to take up more space than is usual in a work of this nature, it is because Methodism has always been best represented by persons rather than by historical or documentary rec- ords, or even by ongoing institutions. Furthermore, one of the chief uses to which an encyclopedia of this nature is to be put is that of 'looking up" basic details about particular individuals.

The Inclusion of Living Persons

The inclusion of the biographies of living persons in this Encyclopedia was a matter carefully considered. However, it was decided by a vote of the Editorial Board of the project in a meeting in 1964 that a truncated view of world Methodism would be presented if every living Methodist among its present-day millions should be excluded from these pages. Since, however, no life can be safely evaluated until its record is complete, it was decided that although those living Methodists who are involved in the larger work of their churches should be included, they should be treated in brief biographical sketches outlining only their biographical data with the more important positions they have held or now hold, and that no attempt be made to evaluate editorially their contribution. In the case of all those who have completely finished their course, however, and who may be seen in the larger perspective of the years, it has been our en- deavor to summarize and evaluate in some perceptive way their distinctive part in the work of world-wide Methodism.

In deciding what living persons would appear in this work, it was determined that such persons should have, or have had, some official connection with the larger institutional work of one of our general Methodist Church bodies. There are many famous Methodists over the world whose names will be written large in universal history, but unless such persons have actually participated in a definite way in the organizational or some other funda- mental aspect of the work of their respective general churches, it was decided somewhat regretfully that their biographies could not be included. Among the Methodists of the United States, for instance, there have been scores of Methodist members of the Congress, a great number of governors of states, captains of industry, and able representatives in almost every field of public influence — astronauts, beauty queens, athletes of Olympic renown, physicians, lawyers, soldiers, men and women high in all manner of professions and occupations. Many of these have proved to be of great worth in their own local Methodist churches, but the editors deemed it wise to place in this work only those whose lives and talents have in some special way been involved in the work of the general Church. There are a few exceptions to this rule, but such exceptions will be seen as so clearly impor- tant that the editors felt that these instances should be included, or the Encyclopedia would be lacking.

Specificalh', we have tried to include all who have come within the following categories:

( 1 ) All bishops in the various Episcopal Methodisms.

(2) All presidents of Conferences, as in England, and in the non-Episcopal connections. These will be found, as are the bishops, in their respective church tabular listings in the Appendix, with the years of their presidency. The biographical sketches of certain out- standing presidents and other leaders, as provided by the area editor in the respective lands or connections, are included alphabetically in the main body of this work.

(3) General Church officers and executives who have been elected to their respective positions by a repre- sentative church board or agency, and who have served in such an executive position for at least eight years, or who were members of the Council of Secretaries in 1971. This will necessarily exclude those executives who have been selected or appointed to a lesser posi- tion in a general board.

(4) College presidents who are now retired but who have served as president of a Methodist or Methodist- related institution for at least ten years before retire- ment. Also certain active college presidents have been so outstanding in the larger work of the church that the editors representing their particular region or connec- tion have nominated them and written their biographi- cal sketches for the main body of the work.

(5) Certain city pastors, who by reason of their eminence and the status of the churches which they serve or have served, especially if such pastors have been members of any General Conference, or have served in a commanding pastorate or pastorates for at least ten years.

Some persons who might otherwise be qualified in the above listings may possibly have been omitted through inadvertence. It will be understood that all editorial deci- sions have been made in good faith. In some cases desired biographical accounts have not been furnished.

Also it will be understood that with scores of different writers supplying their respective accounts from different regions, it is almost inevitable that these will differ some- what in length and in type of treatment. The importance of a character treated in these pages therefore is not to be measured by the length of his biographic sketch, nor should the inconsequential incidents often to be found in a biography be discounted, as these may reflect a life more aptly than do titles held or work done.

Sites and Historic Shrines

The part played by the liistorical record is prominent in almost every item covered. Indeed the demand for the Encyclopedia has come largely from the Historical Societies, whose chief interest, as their name implies, is in recording the eventful past. Therefore, it has been our aim to record the beginning and development of Methodism in each place where it is now established, together with an up-to-date evaluation of its present status and potentiality.

Every effort has been made to include all noteworthy pioneer preaching places, churches, sites, and historic shrines reflecting significant beginnings in any land or mission field. Here the nominations of the respective Historical Societies and those of the editors representing

the different lands of the world have had to be depended upon. We covet for this Encyclopedia that it may outline the development of Methodist history in each region of the world where there are, or ever have been (as once there were in Russia and mainland China) Methodist churches.

Doctrinal Articles

While disclaiming the effort to set forth in a complete way the theological and doctrinal position of present-day world-wide Methodism, we have undertaken to present in a series of doctrinal articles (listed under their own subject matter) what we should like to consider the norm of Methodist teaching in regard to each such doctrine. It is not the aim of this Encyclopedia to reflect any specific present-day school of Methodist thought, since these admittedly vary greatly, hut to present the basic teaching of John Wesley, and of the early Methodist fathers upon each subject herein treated, with an indica- tion of such later developments as may be considered generally normative in present-day Methodist thought. Able scholars, and scholarly critics, in addition to the capable editor of these doctrinal articles, have assisted in these presentations.

The United Methodist Church

After the compilation of the Encyclopedia had pro- ceeded far toward a conclusion. The Methodist Church, U.S.A., joined The Evangelical United Brethren Church in 1968 to form The United Methodist Church. In view of this late but important development, it became neces- sary to re-edit much of the Methodist material already in manuscript form, to make it conform to the late changes in organizational pattern and nomenclature. The editors are well aware, and trust that our readers will also be aware, that organizational changes due to the recent formation of The United Methodist Church are continuing to take place and will no doubt continue to take place in years yet to be, as happens with all living institutions. Also, just at this time, various Methodist bodies formerly connected to one or the other of the large Methodist connections are becoming autonomous churches — e.g. Burma, Cuba, Argentina, Chile, while other regions are expecting to become autonomous soon. Such recent and impending changes, while making our editorial task more difficult and forcing a delay in publication, gives great promise ecclesiastically for Methodism over the world. As the Baltimore Bicentennial of 1966 put it, Methodism is "forever beginning."

Since the Evangelical United Brethren Church has now merged into American Methodism, it was necessary to secure the history and development of that church, not only in America but over the world, since that now be- longs in this Encyclopedia as completely as does that of any other Methodist body. This called at a late hour for the preparation and inclusion of many more articles covering the biographical sketches, institutions, etc., of the Evangelical United Brethren Church exactly as had been the case with all other Methodisms included here. This should be understood by Methodists in other lands when they find in this Encyclopedia United Brethren in Christ, Evangelical Association, United Evangelical, and Evangelical Church accounts.

The Evangehcal United Brethren, as their history will

show, originally had a close affiliation with American Methodism so that no great strain was put upon either connection when The United Methodist Church was formed. It is hoped that this Encyclopedia will be of value to those in the former Evangehcal United Brethren tradition by indicating to them much of the history and life of Methodism of which they are now a part; and that in turn Methodists will be able to find in the Evangelical United Brethren records and histories now incorporated in these pages much information that will be of help to them in this larger brotherhood of The United Methodist Church.

Educational and Eleemosynary Institutions

It was not found possible to set forth the record of every educational institution which had been spon.sored by, or is now in connection with The United Methodist Church except those which are presently in existence, and which came into existence during the nineteenth century. Nor is it possible to hst any but the chief educa- tional institutions in connection with the Methodist churches of other lands. Reference may be made to the records of the Boards of Education and kindred agencies of the various Methodist Churches, by those who wish to make a study of the almost innumerable academies, schools, and colleges which flourished, or did not flourish, during the nineteenth century. We have not endeavored to describe those which ended before 1900. There are certain historic exceptions to this procedure, as for in- stance the first Cokesbury College, Transylvania College, and Augusta College in the United States. There are also certain other institutions which had such influence while they lasted that the Encyclopedia would lack something if their records should not be told.

We do however carry a table in the Appendix giving the names and immediate statistics of the many present- day educational institutions of The United Methodist Church. The more significant of these, we describe in- dividually under their own names in the main body of this work.

The same sort of table will be found listing the hospitals and homes, orphanages, and the like, now in connection with The United Methodist Church in the United States. Of these, something like forty of the most important will be described under their own names in the body of the work. These forty were nominated by persons in what was then the Board of Hospitals and Homes of The Methodist Church and who were in position to make a competent judgment upon such an evaluation.

The same procedure which was adopted in the case of defunct Methodist colleges has been followed with ref- erence to early camp meeting sites, and also many camp grounds, youth assembly sites, etc. Some have been begun within recent years and are sHll in existence. Certain of these aie today sponsored and maintained by annual con- ferences, and quite often their records are mentioned in connection with the history of such conferences. How- ever, there has been a plethora of camp grounds all over American Methodism during its past, and even in its present years, and it is not possible to identify and catalog all of them. Exceptional situations such as Chautauqua, New York; Asbury Park in New Jersey; and the Seashore Assembly on the Gulf Coast — these, and possibly a few others of high import in early days, have been described.

NOMENCLATITRE AND STATISTICS

Mention has been made of the fact that British and American Methodism have been the two prime centers from which later Methodist Churches and missions stemmed. However, since the Methodisms of Britain and of America have come to differ in certain particulars, especially in nomenclature, organization, and the hke, it is often necessary to explain certain of these differences in the more important instances where they occur. Happily there are not many such, and the differences noted usually have more to do with nomenclature than with funda- mental life and processes.

The matter of including present-day statistics reflecting the strength and immediate moves of many present-day Methodist churches has given some concern since by its very nature an encyclopedia may not keep up with ephemeral changes. However, it was decided that while statistics might soon be "out-dated" in the ongoing of the years, this Encyclopedia to be relevant (even for years beyond its publication date) should indicate as best it can the present stiength and status of all institutions and persons treated.

Local Churches and Congregations

In order to reflect adequately the life of present-day American Methodism, an invitation was extended in 1966 to every local church which numbered upon its rolls 2,000 members or more, to record its story in these pages in a brief, factual way. Some of these large churches are old and historic, some are quite new, as their respective histories will show. A wholehearted response was secured from the vast majority of the larger churches over the United States (there proved to be well over three hun- dred of them!) and their histories up to the present will be found briefly narrated herein under the names of the cities or towns where they are located.

Cities, States and Conferences

Likewise, it was felt that the history of American Meth- odism in cities which numbered at least 100,000 in- habitants might very well be told in order to complete the setting forth of present-day Methodism in the United States. This has been done largely throughout this work. There are instances where the story of Methodism in a certain city is essentially the story of the first or leading Methodist church now there; and occasionally the story of Methodism and the growth of a particular local church will be the record of Methodism in its locale.

Also in view of the fact that American Methodism is proportionately such a large part of the ongoing of Meth- odist life in the present world, we have included in this Encyclopedia the history of Methodism in the different States of the Union; and also the accounts of the separate armual conferences of The United Methodist Church. We should have been glad to do this for all other Methodisms in other parts of the world, but it was not found possible (except to a degree in the case of Austraha) to secure the annual conference records from the many annual con- ferences extant in other nations — certainly not without taking many more years to compile this Encyclopedia, especially since aimual conferences and general Meth- odist Church alignments are changing rapidly in many lands.

Method of Presentation

While anxious to supply all requisite facts and informa- tion which an encyclopedia of this nature should have, we have avoided a too great dependence upon abbrevia- tions, and we carry a list of those most frequently used. However, it is our endeavor to present full and readable running accounts of the lives, institutions, and subjects treated, rather than reducing each of these to a summary assortment of letters and figures.

Illustrations

The Encyclopedia is illustrated by photographs and other graphic material depicting persons or institutions herein described. It has not proved possible to secure illustrations from every region and from all the smaller Methodist groups, although in the effort to represent the wider Methodism as fully as possible, some lowering of the quality of reproduction has occasionally been ac- cepted rather than the discarding of an illustiation al- together. In the mainstream of Methodism, where illustra- tions have proved easier to secure, there has been little attempt to rank in order of importance the subjects which might be included, so that the presence or absence of an illustration implies no judgment about the relative significance of the subject: those utilized are representa- tive samples of what was readily available. Nevertheless we believe that collectively the illustrations included do present a true cross section of World Methodism in its varied phases and at its different levels.

General Index

A general index has been provided in the Appendix to the Encyclopedia which will indicate the page upon which any name or item treated herein may be found. The entire work is, of course, arranged in alphabetical sequence as are similar publications. However, it was felt that since many names are mentioned in other than their own accounts and since many persons and locations are not tieated in the main listing, this work would not be complete unless we should indicate in an overall index all the names and items of any import to be found in these Methodist armals.

AccxmACY in Presentation

While every effort has been made to insure accuracy in the factual presentation of the material herein, it is scarcely possible that a work covering such a vast develop- ment over the whole world, past and present, with scores of writers contributing to its compilation, can be pub- lished without minor errors being found here and there. In some lands and churches, records, especially early ones, have been poorly kept or may not be considered authoritative. At all events, the respective writers in the various lands and regions must be depended upon to give accurate accounts of their own Methodism with no possibility of other authorities being able to review closely such work. Where obvious errors will be found, these should be called to our attention for future correction; but where debatable matters of opinion or editorial evalua- tion are set forth, these must stand upon their own merit and be the responsibility of the writer and editors.

As the Encyclopedia has been in compilation for several years, certain of our writers who contributed during earlier stages of the work have passed away before they could see their work published herein. Their writings, although brought out here posthumously, will reflect a very real and present helpfulness much appreciated by the editors and others to whom their names and work will be very meaningful.

The Appendix

An Appendix has been prepared which will gather a number of non-related items which have extensive his- torical value but which are too lengthy to place within given articles. The most numerous examples would be tabular Ustings of bishops and conference presidents, col- leges, annual conferences, etc.

One series in this section is the collection of maps which depict the growth of the Methodist Episcopal and Meth- odist Episcopal South Churches across the United States.

In Appreciation

The editors wish to thank all those who had a part in shaping or contributing to this Encyclopedia. A list of our writers will be found elsewhere in the work. As there are over twelve hundred contributors, it has not been found possible to give individual writers a complete cita- tion except where a writer is himself included in the main body.

Wholehearted thanks go out to the many who have ably cooperated with our editorial staff in compiling this work. Especially are we grateful for the enormous work done by Dr. John Kent, editor for British Methodism, who is considered the leading authority on nineteenth century British Methodist history. He has been ably assisted by many co-workers in Great Britain. These have planned wisely, and shared largely in this whole compilation. Dr. Maldwyn L. Edwards, recognized as an authority on the Wesley family, has given interesting and scholarly studies in the Wesley personalities; and Dr. Frank Baker, pres- ently in the United States, considered the foremost re- searcher and authority on early Methodist life and work, has not only written extensively for the Encyclopedia, but as a member of our editorial group has given his valuable time and judgment on many problems, especially those of Anglo-American correlation of the work.

The work of the original British committee planning for the Encyclopedia was under the direction of the Reverend Wesley Swift, after Dr. Frank H. Cumbers felt compelled to resign from his position as editor. With the death of Mr. Swift, Dr. John Kent became editor. Minutes of the original planning committee indicate that Dr. E. Benson Perkins, Dr. Frank H. Cumbers, Dr. J. Alan Kay, Dr. Frank Baker and Wesley Swift, secretary and convener, participated in the drawing up of the British hst. Mrs. D. J. Kent played an indispensable role in the supervision of the British entries. This original list was prepared in 1959.

Material dealing with the great and growing Methodism of Australia was gathered over several years and was contributed directly from that land by the Reverend Raymond H. Doust (deceased) and Dr. Harold Wood. However, most of the Australian material was finally as- sembled and edited by the Reverend T. D. Noffs with the assistance of the Reverend S. G. Claughton (New

South Wales), the Reverend R. C. S. Dingle (deceased; Queensland), the Reverend Arnold Hunt (South Australia), and the Reverend S. J. Jenkins (Western Australia).

Special thanks are due to our editorial co-workers and the supervisory committee which met from time to time and gave its judgment and directions upon many matters having to do with the compilation of this work. Bishop Fred P. Corson and the late Bishop Odd Hagen, who were presidents successively of the World Methodist Council, gave advice and personal help; Dr. Lee F. Tuttle, the General Secretary of the World Methodist Council, is to be thanked for encouragement and helpful participa- tion in the work of supervision. Dr. Albea Godbold, the former executive secretary of the Association of Meth- odist Historical Societies, also made a great personal contribution as chairman of the supervisory committee, in compiling the history of Methodism in the various States of the Union, and in the organizational development of each annual conference in the U.S.A.

Dr. John H. Ness, Jr., the executive secretary of the Commission on Archives and History of The United Meth- odist Church, has ably served on the overall supervisory committee. In addition, he has been responsible for, and has himself contributed, many of the biographies and institutional items reflecting the Evangelical United Brethren Church in its historic development and present- day United Methodist Church status.

The Encyclopedia owes a debt of gratitude to Mrs. Roger J. Martinson, who has not only acted as editorial secretary for the Encyclopedia but has been a participant in many decisive matters connected with the actual compi- lation of the manuscript. Mrs. Louise Queen has served as a member of the supervisory group and has acted as the compiler and editor of the illustrative material to be found in the Encyclopedia. She also has personally con- tributed many items of historic import.

Last, but not least, the Publishing House of The United Methodist Church should be accorded deep appreciation for making a great and unselfish contribution to world Methodism in publishing and promoting at great expense these huge and comprehensive volumes.

The editor, himself, cannot forbear expressing his own sense of renewed appreciation for Methodism both past and present as he comes to the completion of this work. To go over the accounts of the many Methodist men and women found herein is to live again with them, and to live with them is to be enriched in spirit and challenged in mind to be found worthy of the heritage they have left — a heritage we are convinced that many who are living today will in turn supplement by their own lives and service.

The Encyclopedia goes forth with hope and expectation that it will fulfill an inspirational as well as informative mission, and act as a strong connectional bond tying to- gether and holding together the Methodists of the world. The Methodists are indeed "one people" but they live in many lands and have compiled and are compiling many separate records as they have worked for the cause of Christianity. We commend this Encyclopedia to all with the hope that these pages will fulfill such a high mission.

Nolan B. Harmon February 29, 1972

NCYCLOPEDIA

The names of persons, places, and most institutions treated in this volume will be found listed alphabetically through these pages. However, institutions such as local churches, hospitals, chapels, and the like will usually be found under the name of the city or town where they are located. Exceptions are those unusual institutions whose names are perhaps even better known than the cities in which they are located.

Bibliographical references in most cases have been placed below each article, pointing the reader to further information. The more important of these works appear in abbreviated form with the article, but are gathered together in the appendix, where the alphabetical Bibliog- raphy should be consulted for fuller publishing data. Where there is no such entry in the general bibliography,

these details are given in the reference at the end of the individual article, except in a few instances where full information was not available.

In addition to the main alphabetical bibliography, we have included in the appendix a subject bibliography hsting standard works in many areas of study. In this subject bibliography, as usually in the articles in the main encyclopedia, works are listed only by their short titles.

A feature of presentation in the Encyclopedia is the use of capital letters to indicate that the name so treated is to be found elsewhere in the work as a separate item of its own. This obviates the prolific use of q.v. ("which see" ) . Exceptions in such capitalization appear when a name reoccurs in any one item.

ABBREVIATIONS

Ala. — Alabama

AME — African Methodist Episcopal

AMEZ — African Methodist Episcopal

Zion Ariz. — Arizona Ark. — Arkansas Aug. — August

B.A. — Bachelor of Arts

B.C.E. — Bachelor of Civil Engineer- ing

B.D. — Bachelor of Divinity

B.Mus. — Bachelor of Music

B.R.E. — Bachelor of Religious Educa- tion

B.S. — Bachelor of Science

B.W.I.— British West Indies

Calif . — California

C.B.E. — Commander of (the Order

of) the British Empire CME — Christian Methodist Episcopal Co. — County Colo. — Colorado Conn. — Connecticut

D.C. — District of Columbia D.D. — Doctor of Divinity Dec. — December Del. — Delaware

Dip. Ed. — Diploma in Education D.R.E. — Doctor of Religious Educa- tion D.S. — District Superintendent

E. — East; Eastern

E.C. — Evangelical Church

Ed.D. — Doctor of Education

E.E. — Electrical Engineer

EUB — EvangeUcal United Brethren

F.B.A.— Fellow of the British Acad- emy Feb. — February Fla.— Florida FMC — Free Methodist Church

Ga. — Georgia

Ida. — Idaho 111.— Illinois Ind. — Indiana

Jan. — January

Kan. — Kansas Ky. — Kentucky

La. — Louisiana

L.H.D. — Doctor of Humane Letters

Lit.D. — Doctor of Literatiue

Litt.D. — Doctor of Letters

LL.D. — Doctor of Laws

M.A. — Master of Arts

Mass. — Massachusetts

MC— The Methodist Church (United Kingdom); see TMC for The Methodist Church (U.S.A.)

M.D. — Doctor of Medicine

Md. — Maryland

ME — Methodist Episcopal

Me. — Maine

MES — Methodist Episcopal, South

M.H.A. — Master of Hospital Admin- istration Mich. — Michigan Minn. — Minnesota Miss. — Mississippi Miss. Soc. — Missionary Society M.L.S — Master of Library Science Mo. — Missouri Mont. — Montana MP — Methodist Protestant M.Th. — Master of Theology MYF — Methodist Youth Fellowship

N. — North; northern N.C. — North Carohna N.D. — North Dakota N.E. — Northeast Neb. — Nebraska Nev. — Nevada N.H. — New Hampshire N.J. — New Jersey N.M. — New Mexico Nov. — November N.S. — Nova Scotia N.S.W.— New South Wales N.W. — Northwest N.Y.— New York N.Y.C.— New York City N.Z. — New Zealand

Oct. — October Okla. — Oklahoma Ont. — Ontario Ore. — Oregon

p.— page

Pa. — Pennsylvania

ABBREVIATIONS

P.E. — Presiding Elder

Ph.D. — Doctor of Philosophy

P.I. — Philippine Islands

PMC — Primitive Methodist Church in

Great Britain P. R.— Puerto Rico Prov. — Provisional

ret. — Retired R.I.— Rhode Island

S. — South; southern

Sask. — Saskatchewan

S.C. — South CaroUna

Scand. — Scandinavia

S.D.— South Dakota

S.E. — Southeast

Sept. — September

S.T.B. — Bachelor of Sacred Theology

S.T.D. — Doctor of Sacred Theology

supt. — Superintendent

S.W. — Southwest

Switz. — Switzerland

S.W. A. — Southwest Africa

Tenn . — Tennessee

Th.B. — Bachelor of Theology

Th.D. — Doctor of Theology

Th.M — Master of Theology

Theo. — Theological

TMC— The Methodist Church (U.S.A.); see MC for The Method- ist Church (United Kingdom)

U. — University

U.B. — United Brethren in Christ

U.E. — United Evangelical Church

U.K. — United Kingdom

UMC — United Methodist Church (U.S.A.)

UMC (UK)— United Methodist

Church (Great Britain)

UMFC — United Methodist Free Churches (Great Britain)

U.S.A. — United States of America

USSR — Union of Soviet Socialist Re- publics

Va. — Virginia Ver. — Vermont V.I — V%gin Islands

W. — West; western

Wash. — Washington

W.I.— West Indies

Wise. — Wisconsin

WFMS — Women's Foreign Mission- ary Society

WHMS — Woman's Home Missionary Society

WMC — Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)

WMMS — Wesleyan Methodist Mis- sionary Society

WMS — Women's Missionary Society

WSCS— Women's Society of Chris- tian Service

WSWS— Women's Society of World Service

W.Va. — West Virginia

Wyo. — Wyoming

TORf

Note: We endeavor to indicate the Annual Conference to which each ministerial contributor of The United Meth- odist Church and of the United Church of Canada may now belong; and also we indicate the city or land of residence of all lay contributors where this could be ascertained. Such listing may not be exact, however, since ministers "locate" or transfer, and lay writers change their residence. It did not prove possible to indicate the Con- ference membership of ministerial writers in certain of the lands and churches outside the United States and

Canada since there are no general "World Methodist Minutes" which might be referred to for such immediate listing.

Due to the length of time the Encyclopedia has been in compilation, the addresses of a few of our early con- tributors cannot be obtained. An asterisk by a name indi- cates that a biographical sketch of such person will be found in the main section of the Encyclopedia. Degrees held by our contributors have been listed where these could be obtained.

Abbey, Merrill R., b.a., b.d., d.d. Professor, Garrett Theological Semi- nary Detroit Conference

Adams, Harhy W., b.a., b.d. Minister

Southern California-Arizona Confer- ence

Akebs, Edward D. Park Ridge, 111.

Akers, George R., b.a. Conference Secretary Wyoming Conference

Aldrich, Charles S., a.b., b.d., m.a. Minister Western New York Conference

Allen, A. R.

Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

Allen, Clinton L. Minister East Ohio Conference

Allen, H. T.

British Columbia Conference Canada

Alley, James W., m.d. Missionary to Bolivia

Alm, Ragnah Southeast Asia

Alphonse, E. S. West Indies

"Alter, Chester M., b.s., ph.d.,

LL.D., D.P.S.

University chancellor Denver, Colorado

Amos, Edison M., b.a., b.d., th.m. President

Baltimore Conference Historical Society

"Amstutz, Hobart B., b.a., b.d., d.d. Bishop, Southeast Asia and Pakistan ( Editor for Southeast Asia )

"Anderson, Hurst R., a.b., ll.d., M.S., litt.d., ed.d. University president Washington, D. C.

Anderson, Robert L., a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Kentucky Conference

Andrews, Stanley G., m.a., dip.ed. Former General Secretary for Over- seas Missions, Auckland Suva, Fiji

"Araya, Samuel Minister Chile

Archibald, William D., a.b., b.d., m.a.

Conference historian North Indiana Conference

Armstrong, F. W. Manitoba Conference Canada

Arnold, Frank R. Minister West Ohio Conference

Ashmore, Ann L.

Assoc. Editor, Mississippi Advocate Jackson, Miss.

Ashmore, Samuel E., d.d. Editor, Mississippi Advocate North Mississippi Conference

AsPEY, Albert

Minister, Portuguese Evangelical

Methodist Church ( Editor for Portugal )

Atkinson, Lowell M., b.a., b.d.,

M.A., PH.D.

Minister

Northern New Jersey Conference

Attig, C. J.

Member, Iowa Conference Historical

Society LeMars, Iowa

Austin, Gl.'Vdys W. Des Moines, Iowa

Baass, Erich Germany

Babbs, J. Carlton, b.a., d.d., b.d.,

S.T.M.

Minister

Rocky Mountain Conference

Bailey, A. Purnell, b.a., b.d., th.m.,

D.D.

Executive Sec, Commission on Chap- lains Virginia Conference

Bainbridge, Warren S., a.b., b.d.,

D.D.

Minister

Rocky Mountain Conference

BAmO, T. C, M.A., TH.M., PH.D.

Minister England

"Baker, Eric W., m.a., d.d., ph.d.,

LL.D.

Past President and Secretary, British

Methodist Conference England

"Baker, Frank, b.a., b.d., ph.d.

Editor-in-Chief, Oxford Ed. Wesley's Works

Professor, Divinity School, Duke Uni- versity

Durham, N. C.

( Editorial Board )

Baker, Gordon Pratt, a.b., b.d.,

LITT.D.

Editor, General Board of Evangelism Nashville, Tenn.

Baker, Henry H. Minister Rocky Mountain Conference

"Banks, John S., m.a., b.a. Minister Manchester, England

CONTRIBUTORS

Banks, Lucy

San Antonio, Texas

Barber, Natalie (Mrs. Edward) Missionary La Paz, Bolivia

Barcus, Edward R. Minister North Texas Conference

Barkalow, Gale L. Minister Northern Illinois Conference

Barnes, Harold R., b.a.

Administrator, Children's agency California-Nevada Conference

Barnwell, Mary Lou, a.b., m.a.,

L.H.D.

Executive, Board of Missions San Mateo, Calif.

Barro.n, J. Daniel, a.b., b.d., m.a. Mirrister North Texas Conference

Barton, Jesse Hamby, Jr., a.b., b.d.,

PH.D.

Dean, Southwestern College Winfield, Kansas

Bartoo, Beatrice B. Kenmore, N. Y.

Bass, Henry B. Enid, Okla.

Bass, John H. Enid, Okla.

Bates, Virgil L.

Riverside, Calif. Baugh, Stanley T.

Member, Conference Historical Society

Little Rock Conference

"Bauman, Ernest J. President, Colegio Ward Buenos Aires, Argentina

BaUMAN, LeROY E., B.A., S.T.B.

Minister

Iowa Conference

Baumhofer, Earl F., ph.b., m.a.,

D.D., S.T.B.

Minister

Minnesota Conference

Bayha, Marjorie Morris (Mrs. Walter G. ) Palo Alto, Calif.

Bayliss, John A., a.b., b.d., d.d.

Minister

North Arkansas Conference Beal, William C., Jr.

President, Conference Historical Society

Western Pennsylvania Conference Bean, Frank G., a.b., d.d.

Minister

Iowa Conference Bearden, Robert E. L., a.b., b.d.,

D.D.

Executive Committee, Commission on

Archives and History Little Rock Conference

Beattys, Gertrude W. (Mrs. Frank L.) Westfield, N. J.

Beckerlegge, Oliver A., m.a., ph.d.

Minister Sheffield, England

Beisiegel, Karl Germany

Bell, A. C., b.a., b.d., d.d. Minister Texas Conference

Bennett, Mary Jo

Bennett, Talbert N., b.d. Minister West Virginia Conference

Bennett, William T., b.d. Minister Maine Conference

Berger, Evelyn Miller, a.b., m.a.,

PH.D.

Psychologist Oakland, Calif.

"Berkheimer, Charles F., a.b., d.d. Minister Central Pennsylvania Conference

Bernhardt, Eilert Norway ( Editor for Norway )

Besslre, Bert A., a.b., b.d., m.a., d.d. Minister Nebraska Conference

Betts, E. Arthur Maritime Conference Canada

Bielby, Norwenna R.

England Blackard, Embree H., a.b., b.d.,

M.A., TH.B., d.d.

Minister

Western North Carolina Conference

Blackburn, Robert M., a.b., b.d.,

D.D.

Minister

Florida Conference Blackwell, Derwood L., b.a., m.a.,

B.D., D.D.

Minister

Texas Conference

Blake, William, b.a.

Conference Historian

Wisconsin Conference Blakemore, John Haywood, a.b.,

B.D., D.D.

Exec. Sec, Conference Board of Edu. Virginia Conference

Blanchard, Bernard

England Blankenbaker, Wilmer a., b.d.

Minister

Virginia Conference

Blankenship, Paul F., b.d. Minister Memphis Conference

Blanshan, Ruth Green Bay, Wise.

Blight, William T., b.a., b.d. Past President of Conference Christchurch, New Zealand

Blomberg, Beulah Swain

Bohmfalk, Ebwin F., a.b., d.d. Minister North Texas Conference

Boigegrain, Walter J., b.a., m.a., th.d.

Past President

Western Jurisdiction Commission on Archives and History

Boone, Norman U., b.s., b.d. Minister Mississippi Conference

Booth, Gratla Waterbury, Conn.

Booth, Mae Mentor, Ohio

Borchert, John L., a.b.

Journalist, Methodist Information Charlotte, N. C.

Borger, Clarence J., a.b., b.d., m.a., d.d.

Minister Kansas West Conference

BoROM, W. Robert, b.c.e., b.d. Minister South Georgia Conference

BOTT, E. J. Minister Yellowstone Conference

BowDON, J. Henry, Sr., a.b., b.d., d.d.

South Central Jurisdictional Commis- sion on Archives and History Louisiana Conference

° BOWEN, CaWTHON a., b.a., M.A., D.D.

Editor, Church School Publications Mississippi Conference

Bo\vEN, Gilbert Haven Minister South Carolina Conference

Bowen, Ted

Administrator, Methodist Hospital Houston, Texas

Bowers, Joseph Edward, a.b., d.d. Minister Oklahoma Conference

Bowes, Harold R., b.d. Minister Lincoln, England

Bowles, Lee, a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Oklahoma Conference

"BowMEB, John C, m.a., b.d., ph.d. Archivist, The Methodist Church London, England (Consultant)

Boyle, Ray N. Malvern, Ark.

"Bradley, David H., a.b., a.m.,

PH.D

Historian, A.M.E. Zion Church

(Editor for AMEZ Church)

Bradley, Selman, b.d.

Vice-president, Conference Commis- sion on Archives and History Alabama- West Florida Conference

"Brandenburg, E. Craig Assoc. Gen. Sec, Division of Higher

Education Nashville, Tenn.

Brandt, Nelle Indianapolis, Ind.

Braren, Elizabeth Garrett Sarasota, Fla.

"Brashares, Charles W., a.b., d.d.,

S.T.B., LL.D., L.H.D., UTT.D.

Bishop, The United .Methodist Church

Bridge, J. David, b.a., b.d. Minister

Nevifcastle-under-Lyme, Staffs., En- gland

Bright, Warren H., a.b., s.t.b. Minister West Ohio Conference

Brinson, John C, b.d.

Sec.-Treas., Conference Commission on

Archives and History Louisville Conference.

Brooks, William E., b.s., s.t.b.

Secretary, Jurisdiction Commission on

Archives and Historj' Florida Conference

Brown, G. Alfred, b.d., d.d.

Secretary, Conference Commission on

Archives and history Central Te.xas Conference

Brown, Harold S., b.d.

Minister

West Ohio Conference "Brown, Mary Sue

Gatesville, Texas

Brown, Willis C.

Brunger, Ronald A., b.a., m.a., s.t.b. Past President, Conference Historical

Society Detroit Conference

Bryan, Monk, b.a., b.d., d.d.

Minister

Missouri East Conference BucHHEiT, Phil

Spartanburg, S. C.

"Bucke, Emory Stevens, b.a., s.t.b.,

D.D., LL.D.

Book Editor, The United Methodist

Church Nashville, Tenn.

Buell, Harold E., b.s., s.t.b., m.ed.,

PH.D.

Minister

Florida Conference

"Bull, Robert J., b.a., b.d,, s.t.m.,

PH.D.

Professor, Drew Theological School Virginia Conference (Editorial Board)

Bumgabner, George W., b..a, m.a.,

B.D.

Historian, Conference Historical

Societ>' Western North Carolina Conference

Bunt, W. P.

British Columbia Conference Canada

Burchett, Mrs. Thomas Ashland, Ky.

BuRKiTT, William T. England

Burns, Norman, o.b.e. Minister Leominster, Herefords., England

Burns, William K., b.s., s.t.b. Minister Northern New Jersey Conference

Burnside, Albert Toronto Conference Canada

Butcher, Galelma J. Norfolk, Va.

Butt, W. F.

St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada Buxton, E. L. F.

Layman and past Vice-President of Conference

Wanganui, New Zealand

"Cain, John B., b.a., litt.d. Conference historian Mississippi Conference

Caldwell, Mary French Nashville, Tenn.

Calhoun, Clayton, b.a., b.d., d.d. College president Florida Conference

Calkin, Homer L., b.a., m.a., ph.d. Management analyst, State Depart- ment Washington, D. C.

"Calkins, Raoul C, a.b., m.a., S.T.B., d.d. West Ohio Conference

Cameron, Richard M., b.d.

Minister

Western Pennsylvania Conference Cammack, Eleanore

Archi\ist, DePauw University

Greencastle, Ind.

CONTRIBUTORS

"Cannon, William R., a.b., b.d.,

PH.D.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church Carlisle, Mrs. Robert Midwest Cit>', Okla.

Carlton, Bascom W., a.b., b.d. Minister Florida Conference

Carlyon, James T., b.d. Minister North Texas Conference

Carmean, Edna J. Annville, Pa.

Carothers, L. R., b.d.

Member, Conference Historical Society East Ohio Conference

Carr, Hester Bruce Brazil

Carr, Nannette Tomlinson Gulfport, Miss.

Carrington, N. B., b.d. Minister Baltimore Conference

Carroll, Edward G., a.b., b.d.,

M.A.

Minister

Baltimore Conference

Carroll, Grady L. E. Raleigh, N. C.

Carroll, James Elwood, a.b., b.d., M.A., d.d. M. P. Historian Western North Carolina Conference

Carson, Verle J., a.b., b.d. Minister Detroit Conference

"Carter, Cullen T., b.a., b.d. Minister and historian Tennessee Conference

Carter, David, b.a., b.d., s.t.m. Minister Southern New England Conference

Carter, Deane G. Fayetteville, Ark.

Case, Ernest R., a.b., s.t.b., s.t.m. Vice-president, General Commission on

Archives and History Southern New England Conference

Case, L. Lyle, a.b.

Conference Historical Society North Indiana Conference

"Case, Leland D., b.a., m.a., litt.d.,

LL.D.

Founder and former editor, Together

Magazine Tucson, Ariz. ( Consultant )

Caster, Janice W. (Mrs. J. W.) El Paso, Texas

Catlin, Robin J. O. England

CONTRIBUTORS

Cavanacii, E. \'.

Tampa, Fla. Chafee, Robert S., a.b., ma., s.t.b.

Chaimian, Conference Historical Soc.

South Indiana Conference "Chambers, Cubtis A., a.b., b.d.,

S.T.M., S.T.D., D.D.

Editor, Together

Eastern Pennsylvania Conference

Chambers, Wesley A., m.a.

Minister and former Warden of the

Deaconess Order Christchurch, New Zealand

Chandler, Douglas R., a.b., s.t.b.,

M.A., D.D.

Professor, Wesley Theological Semi- nary Baltimore Conference

Chappell, Wallace E., b.s., b.d. Minister Central Texas Conference

Chase, Don M., a.b., a.m., b.d. Minister California-Nevada Conference

"Chaves, Ottilia de O. Past president. World Federation of

Mediodist Women Brazil

Cheek, Maurice B., b.d.

Minister

California-Nevada Conference

Cherry, Conrad, b.d. Minister Northwest Texas Conference

Chestnut, Mrs. Amos

Columbus, Ind. Chidsey, J Walker, b.ph., b.d., d.d.

Minister

North Georgia Conference

Cihlde, Donald B. Minister Sussex, England

Chiles, Robert E., a.b., b.d., m.a.,

PH.D.

Asst. Dir. Gen. Studies, Hunter

College West Ohio Conference

Christman, C. Wesley, Jr., b.a.,

B.D.

Past President, Northeastern Jurisdic- tional Historical Society New York Conference

Christman, S. Fred, b.d. Minister Central Pennsylvania Conference

Chubb, James S., a.b., s.t.b., s.t.m.,

PH.D., D.D.

Minister

Nebraska Conference 'Church, Paul V., b.s., b.d., d.d. General Secretary, Program Council,

UMC Northern Illinois Conference

Cl.\rk, Alva H., b.s., th.m., th.u. Minister Nebraska Conference

Clark, Byro.n W. Philippine Islands ( Editor of Philippines )

Clark, Clyde S., b.a., b.d. Minister Louisiana Conference

Clark, Colin D., m.a.

Minister

Wellington, New Zealand

"Clark, Elmer T., b.d., s.t.d., a.b., a.m., ll.d., litt.d. First General Editor of the Encyclo- pedia Western North Carolina Conference

"Clark, Mary Helen Missionary Brazil

Clary, George E., Jr., a.b., s.t.b.,

M.ED., ED.D. Professor, Paine College Vice-chairman, Conference Historical

Society South Georgia Conference

Clary, Warren Upton Savannah, Ca.

Claughton, Stanley' G. Australia

Clayton, Cranston, b.d. Minister New York Conference

Clement, R. Frederick, m.a. Minister, Pitt Street Church Auckland, New Zealand

Cleveland, Millard C, a.b., b.d.,

TH.M., D.D.

Minister

Florida Conference

Cleveland, Weyman R., b.d Minister South Georgia Conference

Cobb, John R., Sb. Missionary to Japan South Georgia Conference (Editor for Japan)

Cobb, Stephen C, b.a., b.d. ^.linister Northern Illinois Conference

CoE, Mrs. S. S. High Point, N. C.

CoE, Wendell L., a.b., s.t.b., s.t.m. Minister Oregon-Idaho Conference

CoLAW, Emerson S., b.s., b.d., m.a.,

D.D.

Minister

West Ohio Conference

Cole, S. Walton, a.b., th.m., th.d. Minister North Indiana Conference

COLLIVER, IVA B.

Stockton, Calif.

Cook, Marvin

Cook, Pierce Embbee, Jb., b.d. Minister South Carolina Conference

Cooper, George Frederick, b.d.

Minister

North Alabama Conference

Cooper, R. Laurie Layman New Plymouth, New Zealand

Coots, Fred H., Jr., b.d. Minister

Southern California-Arizona Confer- ence

"COPELAND, KeNI^TH W., B.D., LL.D., D.D., S.T.D.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church

Corbett, J. Elliott, b.d. Minister Northern Illinois Conference

Cordes, Donald W., a.b., m.a. Hospital Administrator Des Moines, Iowa

Core, Arthur C, a.b., b.d., ph.d. Professor, United Theological Semi- nary Nebraska Conference

Court, Alyn W. G. England

Court, Glyn England

Courtney, Robert H., d.d. Minister East Ohio Conference

Covington, Charles E., a.b. Minister Peninsula Conference

Cox, James R., b.d. Historian Tennessee Conference

Cragg, D. G. L., m.a., PH.D. Tutor at John Wesley College Federal Theological Seminary Alice, C.P., South Africa

"Cragg, E. Lynn, b.a., b.d.

Former Warden of Wesley House Fort Hare, South Africa

Craig, Gordon N., b.a., b.d. Minister Florida Conference

Craig, Nancy St. Louis, Mo.

Cravens, Sherman A., b.d. Minister Northern Illinois Conference

Crawford, Nace B.

Curator, Conference Commission on

Archives and History Texas Conference

Cresswell, Amos S., m.a. Minister Cheadle, Cheshire, England

Crisman, Homer C, b.d. Minister Rocky Mountain Conference

Crist, Milton B., b.d. Minister Baltimore Conference

Crovvder, T. Harold, m.d.

Vice-President, Conference Commis- sion on Archives and History Virginia Conference

Crume, Harold G., b.d. Minister Wisconsin Conference

Crutchfield, Finis A., b.d. Minister Oklahoma Conference

Gulp, Everett W., a.b., s.t.b. Minister Baltimore Conference

Culver, Frank P., Jr., b.a., ll.b., ll.d. Judge Fort Worth, Texas

"Cumbers, Frank H., b.a., b.d., d.d. Former Book Steward, The Methodist

Church London, England

Cunningham, William Jefferson,

b.d.

Minister

North Alabama Conference Curry, J. C, b.s., th.b.

Minister

Oklahoma Conference Curry, J. W., a.b., b.d., d.d.

Minister

South Carolina Conference (1866) Curry, Paul M., a.b., b.d., d.d.

Minister

Central Illinois Conference

Curry, Robert L., a.b., b.d., s.t.m.

Minister

Eastern Pennsylvania Conference Curtis, Lawrence R., b.a., b.d.

Minister

Troy Conference

Daniels, Daisy P. Arlington Heights, 111.

Daniels, Jack Kyle, b.a., b.d.

Minister

Central Texas Conference Daum, Bessie

Lawrence, Kan. Davey, Cyril J.

General Secretary, Methodist Mission- ary Society

London, England Davidson, Carl M., b.d., d.d., ll.d.

Minister

Rocky Mountain Conference

Davidson, John H., b.d. Minister Virginia Conference

Davidson, Mrs. Jane Kingsport, Tenn.

"Davies, Rupert E., b.a., m.a., b.d.

Principal, Wesley College Bristol, England

Davis, Edwina B. Atlanta, Ga.

Davis, Howard, b.d. Minister Oklahoma Confererrce

Davis, William J., a.b., s.t.b., s.t.m. Minister New Hampshire Conference

Davis, Wilma (Mrs. L. A.) San Antonio, Texas

Davison, Mrs. John L.

Green Bay, Wise. Dawson, Dana, Jr., a.b., b.d., m.a.,

D.D.

Minister

Louisiana Conference Dawson, John B.

New Zealand

Deale, Geoffrey England

Dean, Dorothy Johnson Yeadon, Pa.

DeBardi Joseph P., a.b., s.t.b., d.d. Minister West Virginia Conference

Decker, Ralph W., a.b., m.a., s.t.b.,

PH.D., D.D., ll.d.

Educator

Wyoming Conference Dellow, Percy

Layman, Board of Wesleydale Chil- dren's Home Auckland, New Zealand

Derby, Howard W.

San Francisco, Calif. Derrig, Mrs. Dorothae

Akron, Ohio

DeVore, W. Gehl, b.a., b.d., d.d.

Minister

Northern Illinois Conference Dickinson, C. H.

London Conference

Canada Dill, R. Laurence, Jr., b.d.

North Alabama Conference

Dittes, Orval Clay, a.b., d.d. Minister Minnesota Conference

Doggett, Carroll A., Jr., b.a., b.d.

Minister

Baltimore Conference Doggett, John N., Jr.

Minister

Missouri East Conference

CONTRIBUTORS

Doggett, Robert Caxton, b.a., b.d. Minister Florida Conference

DoLBEY, George W., m.a., b.d. Minister Manchester, England

Dolling, John S., m.a. Minister Aberystwyth, Cards., U.K.

DONNAN, WiLMUTH

Macon, Ga.

Dorff, Earl N.

Member, General Board of Evangelism Oklahoma Conference

Doty, Mrs. J. R. State College, Pa.

Doughty, W. Lamplough, b.a., b.d. Minister England

Drake, M. Richard, a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister East Ohio Conference

Drinkard, Eugene T., b.d. Minister North Georgia Conference

Dugmore, D. p., m.a.

Senior Lecturer in Education Johannesburg Training College, South Africa

Duncan, Gordon B., b.a.

Editor, Methodist Publishing House Nashville, Tenn.

Durham, Lewis E., a.b. Foundation Executive California-Nevada Conference

•Dunkle, William F., Jr., b.a., b.d., d.d.

Minister

Northern Illinois Conference

Earl, Jesse A., a.b. Minister West Virginia Conference

Eccles, Robert S., a.b., b.d., ph.d. Educator South Indiana Conference

Eckman, Margaret Morristown, N. J.

Eckstein, Herbert

Germany Edgar, Fred R., b.d., m.a., ph.d.

Minister

North Texas Conference

Edge, H. Fred, b.d.

Vice-President, Conference Commis- sion on Archives and History Virginia Conference

Edwards, John

Minister

England "Edwards, Maldwyn L., m.a., b.d.,

D.D., PH.D.

Warden, New Room

CONTRIBUTORS

Bristol, England ( Associate Editor )

Edwahds, Michael S., m.a., m.litt. Minister Oxford, England

EiDE, T. Lennard, b.d.

Minister

Northern Illinois Conference

Eller, Paul H., b.d. Minister Northern Illinois Conference

Ellincworth, Paul, m.a., b.a. General Secretary, Methodist Mission- ary Society London, England ( Editor for Indonesia and Africa )

Els, a. Germany

Ensor, Lowell S., a.b., b.d., d.d. College president Baltimore Conference

°Esch, L Lynd, b.d. Minister

Southern California-Arizona Confer- ence

Essert, F. Harold, b.d. Minister

Southern California-Arizona Confer- ence

Evans, Edgar J., b.d. Minister

Southern California-Arizona Confer- ence

"Evans, Garfield, a.b., b.d., d.d.,

M.A.

Teacher and Minister Former Cuba Conference ( Editor for Cuba )

Evans, J. Claude, b.d.

Chaplain, Southern Methodist Univer- sity South Carolina Conference

Exman, Eugene Barnstable, Mass.

Exum, John M.

Editor, C.M.E. Church Memphis, Tenn.

Ezra, Bernice Harness Lafayette, Ind.

Failing, George E. Marion, Ind. (Editor of The Wesleyan Church,

U.S.A.)

Falkingham, Wilfred E.

Superintendent minister, Central Mis- sion Christchurch, New Zealand

Fansler, Kenneth G. Springfield, Pa.

Farey, Arthur

Area Director, Methodist Information San Francisco, Calif.

Farrow, Willard S.

Administrator of Methodist Home Charlotte, N. C.

Fawcett, J. M. Alberta, Canada

Fawcett. Roy E. Minister Little Rock Conference

Feaver, Laurence E., b.d. Minister W. Ohio Conference

Fenstermaker, William E., b.d. Minister Western Pennsylvania Conference

Ferguson, Dwayne L., b.d. Minister Iowa Conference

Ferreira de Sa, Jenny Moraes Brazil

Fetter, C. Willard, b.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

Few, Benjamin C., b.d. Minister North Arkansas Conference

Fiebic, Herbert L., b.a.

Former Connexional Secretary and

President of Conference Christchurch, New Zealand

Fink, Harold H., a.b., d.d. Minister Virginia Conference

Fisher, James A., Sr., b.s., b.d., m.a., d.d.

Minister Memphis Conference

Fisher, Roy W., b.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

FiSK, Erla S. Downey, Calif.

Fitzgerald, Mildred

Roswell, N. M.

Fleck, Wilbur H.

Flemington, William F., m.a., b.d.

England Flores, Joao Prado

Brazil

Foley, A. Elizabeth Jersey City, N. J.

Fontaine, Oscar L., b.d. Minister Oklahoma Conference

Ford, Florence R. Brazil

Ford, Ruth Sykes Huntsville, Ala.

Ford, Wilfred F., b.a.

Former Director of Christian Edu. Wellington, New Zealand

FoRDYCE, Robert E. Minister New Plymouth, New Zealand

Forrest, A. C.

Hamilton Conference Canada

Fossett, Clarence L., b.a., b.d., d.d. Minister Baltimore Conference

Foster, George A., b.d. Minister Florida Conference

Fowler, H. T., b.d. Minister Tennessee Conference

Fowler, James W., Jr., a.b. Minister-Church Official Western North Carolina Conference

FoY', Whitfield

England Francis, David N.

England Franklin, Denson N., b.d., a.b., d.d.

Minister and Autlior

North Alabama Conference

Freeland, S. p.

Superintendent Minister Kimberley

(E) Circuit South Africa

Freeman, Alfred H. Minister Texas Conference

French, Goldwin S.

Hamilton Conference

Canada

(Editor for Canada) Fridy, William Wallace, b.s., b.d.,

l.h.d.

Minister-Writer

Soutli Carolina Conference

Fulton, A. Byron, b.d.

Minister

Western Pennsylvania Conference

Funk, Theophil

Germany Gabrielson, John

Los Angeles, Calif. Gadd, D. H. Bernard, b.a.

Teacher-Historian

Rotorua, New Zealand

Galliers, Brian J. N.

England Galloway, Benedict A., b.d.

Minister

Louisiana Conference

"Gamble, Foster K., b.d. Minister North Alabama Conference

Gamertsfelder, Ruth

Naperville, 111. Gannaway, Bruce F.

Superintendent Melbourne District

Florida Conference

"Gabber, Paul N., a.b., a.m., ph.d.,

D.D., L.H.D.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church

Garcia, Peter Nelson, b.d. Minister Wisconsin Conference

Gardner, E. Clinton, b.d. Minister Tennessee Conference

"Garrison, Edwin R., a.b., b.d., d.d.,

ll.d.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church Gatke, Robert Moulton, a.b., b.d.,

PH.D.

Minister-Educator Oregon-Idaho Conference

"Gattinoni, Carlos T. Bishop, Argentine Evangelical Method- ist Church Buenos Aires, Argentina

Gay, Ralph G., b.d.

Minister

West Virginia Conference

( Editor for CME Church)

Georg, Mrs. H. L.

George, A. Raymond, b.a., m.a.,

B.D.

Educator England

George, Edwin F., b.d.

Minister

West Ohio Conference Gerdes, Emma

San Antonio, Texas Getsinger, William

Dearborn, Mich. Getty, Donald A., b.d.

Minister

California-Nevada Conference Getz, J. Henry

United Church of Canada

Gibbs, Avery White (Mrs. Arnold)

Lakewood, Colo. Gibson, Dan L.

Albany, Ga. Gilchrist, Carl

Charleston, W. Va. Gildart, Robert

Albion, Mich. Gilmore, Leslie r.m., b.a.

Secretary, Wesley Historical Society (N.Z.)

Morrinsville, New Zealand GiVENs, Ethel

Rochester, Minnesota Gleckler, Bryce

Dodge City, Kansas GocKEH, George G.

South Indiana Conference

Minister

"Godbold, Albea, b.a., b.d., m.a.,

PH.D., D.D.

Chairman, Editorial Board and Assis- tant to General Editor Missouri East Conference

GoLDHAWK, Norman P., b.a., m.a. Shrubsall Tutor in Church History and

History of Doctrine Richmond College, Surrey England

Goncalves, Antonio de Campos Brazil

Gonzalez, Justo L, bachiller en letras, s.t.b., s.t.m., m.a., ph.d. Educator Puerto Rico Prov. Conference

Gonzalez, Ruth Mehl de

Editor, Methopress

Buenos Aires, Argentina GooDALL, Tom

England "GooDLOE, Robert W.

Minister

Central Texas Conference GooDLOE, W. Henry, a.b., b.d., d.d.

Minister

North Arkansas Conference "GooDSON, W. Kenneth, a.b., d.d.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church Gordon, D. Bruce, m.a.

Superintendent Minister, Central Church and Mission

Dunedin, New Zealand

Gorrell, Donald K., a.b., m.a., b.d.,

PH.D.

Professor, United Theological Semi- nary East Ohio Conference

Goss, Brian England

Goss, Walter A, b.a., m.a. Minister, Twickenham, Middlesex England

Goto, Taro, b.d. Minister California-Nevada Conference

GOTTSCHALL, NeWTON T. Minister North Indiana Conference

GouGH, Galal, b.d. Minister

Southern California-Arizona Confer- ence

GouwENs, Donald L.

St. Louis, Mo.

Gowland, William England

Grace, Duane G., b.d. Minister Minnesota Conference

Grant, John Webster Minister

Toronto Conference Canada

CONTRIBUTORS

Gravely, William B., b.d., b.a.,

PH.D.

Professor, University of Denver South Carolina Conjference

Gray-, Ina Turner

Secretary-Archivist, Kansas West Conf.

Comm. on Archives and History Winfield, Kan.

Gray, J. Robert, s.t.m.

Minister

Western Pennsylvania Conference Gray, William H.

Green, Marvin W., b.d., b.a., ph.d.

Minister

Northern New Jersey Conference Green, W. A.

England

Greenwalt, Howard, a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister California-Nevada Conference

Greer, Martin L., b.d.

Minister

West Virginia Conference Gregory, Arthur S.

England

Griffiths, L.G.S.

Warden of Moroka Missionary Institu- tion, Thaba 'Nchu, O.F.S. South Africa

Grice, John H., m.a., b.a. British minister Badulla, Ceylon

Grimes, Ronald L., b.d. Minister Florida Conference

Grocott, John, D., b.a.

Former Secretary, Council for Chris- tian Education Christchurch, New Zealand

Grooms, Jordan H.

"Gross, John O., a.b., s.t.b., s.t.d.,

D.D., LL.D.

Education executive

Kentucky Conference

(Editor of Educational Institutions,

U.S.A.)

Grunstead, E. O., b.d. Minister North Dakota Conference

Gruver, Esdras S., B.S., b.d.

Minister

Virginia Conference Guerra, Jose d'Azevedo

Brazil Guthrie, W. Nelson, Sr., b.d.

Minister

North Alabama Conference

Hackett, William O., b.d. Conference historian Peninsula Conference

Hager, Wesley H., b.a., b.d., m.a.,

D.D.

CONTRIBUTORS

Minister and author Missouri East Conference

Hahn, Jack A. L., b.a., m.h.d., ll.d. Hospital Administrator Indianapolis, Ind.

Haines, Lee

Hallowell, G. a. Toronto, Canada

Hames, Ebic W., ma.

Former Principal of Trinity College Auckland, New Zealand

Hamilton, Arcus J., Jr.

Minister

Oklahoma Conference

Hamilton, Charles W., b.a., m.a.,

S.T.B., D.D.

Minister

East Ohio Conference

Hammer, Paul Ernst Germany

Hammer, Wolfgang Germany

Hammitt, William A., a.b., l.h.d.,

D.D.

Minister

Central Illinois Conference Hamner, Herschel Towles, A.B., b.d.

Minister North Alabama Conference

"Hampton, Vernon B., a.b., ph.d. Educator and historian Staten Island, N. Y.

Hambick, Richard M., Jr. Staunton, Va.

Hancock, Eugene H., a.b., b.d., d.d.

Minister

Iowa Conference Haney, James M., b.a., b.d.

Minister

Eastern Pennsylvania Conference Hann, Paul M., b.a., s.t.b., d.d.

Minister

Iowa Conference

Hanna, Earl K., b.mus., s.t.b.

Minister

Rocky Mountain Conference Hansen, Wilfred, b.a., b.d.

Minister

New York Conference Harmon, A. Peale

Vicksburg, Miss. "Harmon, Nolan B., a.b., m.a., b.d.,

d.d., L.H.D., LITT.D., ll.d.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church (General Editor)

Harper, George

Minister

Yellowstone Conference

Harper, Jolly B., a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Louisiana Conference

"Harper, Marvin H., b.s., b.d., ph.d. Minister and author North Georgia Conference

"Habrell, Costen J., a.b., d.d., utt.d., ll.d. Bishop, The United Methodist Church

Harris, Archer O. Minister Christchurch, New Zealand

Harris, John Walter, b.s., s.t.b. Conference Historical Society Wisconsin Conference

Harrison, Gilberthorpe

Minister

Wirrall, Ches., England

Harrison, Samuel J. Minister Detroit Conference

Hartman, Kenath, M.S. Hospital Administrator Wilmette, 111.

Haselmayer, Louis A. Archivist Mount Pleasant, Iowa

Hatch, Byron G., b.s., b.d. Minister Detroit Conference

Hatten, Charles T., a.b.

President, Conference Commission on

Archives and History Pacific Northwest Conference

Haverstock, Calvin B., Jr., b.d. Minister Central Pennsylvania Conference

Hawkins, Thomas J., a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Virginia Conference

Hawley, John W. Minister Western Pennsylvania Conference

Hayes, E. Pearce, a.b., a.m., b.d.,

D.D.

Missionary

Hayes, William C. F., b.d. Minister Wisconsin Conference

Haymes, J. O., b.d. Minister Northwest Texas Conference

"Hazenfield, Harold H., b.d. Minister North Indiana Conference

Heck, J. Holland, a.b., e.e. West Chester, Pa.

Heck, Josephine Dallas, Texas

Hedgpeth, Herschel H., b.a., m.a.,

S.T.B., D.D.

Minister

Southern California-Arizona Confer- ence

Heinsohn, Edmund, b.d. Minister Southwest Texas Conference

Heitke, Roy Samuel, b.d.

President, Conference Historical Soc. Minnesota Conference

Heminger, E. Lowell Findley, Ohio

Hemphill, Kenneth R.

Minister

Kansas East Conference

Hempstead, Alfred G., a.b., b.d. Minister Maine Conference

Henderson, Harold Australia

Henderson, V. N., b.a., b.d., d.d. Minister Northwest Texas Conference

Hendricks, John Rallson, b.a., s.t.b., d.d. Minister Virginia Conference

Henry, Edgar A., a.b., d.d. Minister Central Pennsylvania Conference

Henry, William R., b.a., b.d. Minister Oklahoma Conference

Herbert, Hugh S., a.b., s.t.b., d.d. Minister Yellowstone Conference

Herd, George W., a.b., d.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

Herrell, a. Myron, a.b., b.d. Minister California-Nevada Conference

Herrin, W. Vaughn Hospital Administrator Peoria, 111.

Hess, J. P., Sb. Knoxville, Term.

Hesselgesser, Irene Brazil

Hewson, Leslie A., m.a., ph.d. Professor, Rhodes University Grahamstown, C.P., South Africa

Hibbard, Robert B., a.b., s.t.b.,

PH.D.

Minister

East Ohio Conference

Hill, A. Wesley

Irish Conference Hill, Anita

Garland, Texas Hill, Ethel Ellis (Mrs. Ben O.)

Fort Worth, Texas Hill, Joyce

Missionary

Santiago, Chile

"HiLLER, Hahley Edward, b.d. Minister Minnesota Conference

HiNCHLiFF, Canon P. B., m.a., b.d.,

PH.D., D.D.

Professor, Rhodes University Grahamstown, C.P., South Africa

HiNSON, D. F.

Hemel Hempstead, Herts., England

Hixsox, Marion G., b.a., b.d. Minister Rocky Mountain Conference

HOFF, C. E. England

HocGARD, J. Clinton A.M.E. Zion Church

HoHN, Roland Gilbert, b.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

"Holdcraft, Paul E., b.d. Minister Baltimore Conference

°Hollister, John N. Claremont, Calif.

Hollowell, Howard H., b.a., d.d. Central Te.xas Conference

Holt, D. D., a.b., d.d. College President North Carolina Conference

°HoLT, Ivan Lee, a.b., ph.d., d.d.,

LL.D., S.T.D., L.H.D.

Bishop, The Methodist Church Hood, John W.

Albuquerque, N. M. HooN, John, a.b., s.t.b., s.t.m., d.d.

Member, Commission on Archives and History

Kansas West Conference "Hooper, Thomas LeRoy, a.b., m.a.,

B.D., M.ED., D.D.

West Virginia Conference HoRSLEY, Mrs. Isabel

Muskegon, Mich. Hough, Mrs. S. S.

Lebanon, Ohio Howard, A. R.

South Carohna Conference Howard, Jimmy E., b.a.

Conference Historical Society

North Alabama Conference

Howe, Gaylon L., a.b., b.d., d.d.

Minister

Florida Conference Howell, Erle, b.lit., b.d.

Conference Historical Societv

Pacific Northwest Conference Howes, Allan J., a.b., b.d., d.d.

Western Pennsylvania Conference Hubach, Frederick G., b.a., m.d.

Physician

.New York

Hubbard, William A., b.d. Minister Kansas East Conference

Hubery, Douglas S.

Methodist Missionar>' Society London, England

Hudson, Hubert R. Minister Argentina

Huffman, Harry O., b.d.

Secretary, Conference Historical Soc. North Indiana Conference

"Huffman, Lautience L. Dayton, Ohio

HuGGiN, James George, a.b., b.d. Minister Western North Carolina Conference

Hughes, Harold H., b.a., b.d., d.d. Minister Virginia Conference

Hughes, H. Trevor, m.a. .Minister Attleborough, Norfolk, England

Hughes, J.\mes R., b.d. Minister Peninsula Conference

Hughey, Elizabeth, b.s., m.a.

Librarian, Methodist Publishing House Nashville, Tenn.

HuKiLL, Ellis P., Jr., a.b., b.d. Minister Soutli Indiana Conference

Humphreys, Sexson E., b.a., m.a.,

LITT.D.

Newspaper editor Indianapohs, Ind.

Hunt, Rockwell D. Stockton, Calif.

Hublbert, Mahlon D., Jr., a.b.,

S.T.B.

Minister

Western Pennsylvania Conference

HuRTiG, Mansfield Sweden (Editor for Finland and Sweden)

HUTCHEBSON, GuY K., B.S., B.D., D.D.

Minister

South Georgia Conference Hutchinson, G. M.

Alberta Conference

Canada

Hyles, Frank Thomas, Jr., b.a., b.d.

Conference Historical Society

Alabama-West Florida Conference Idol, Vera

High Point, N.C. Iglehart, Chables W.

New York Conference Illsley, W.

Former Warden, Moroka Missionary Institution

Thaba 'Nchu, O.F.S., South Africa

contributors

Jackman, Everett E., b.d. Minister Nebraska Conference

Jackson, Mrs. T. Haller Shreveport, La.

Jackson, Ruth G.

San Antonio, Texas Jackson, Ruth M.

Indianola, Iowa

Jefferies, Keith R. Gibraltar

"Jeffery, Frederick Ireland ( Co-Editor for Ireland )

Jeffords, Erskine M., a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Nortliern Illinois Conference

Jennings, Peter, m.a. Minister London, England

Jervy, Edward D., b.d. Minister Holston Conference

Jewett, Paul N., b.d.

Minister

Northern New Jersey Conference Job, Reuben P., b.d.

Minister

North Dakota Conference

Johnson, B.\sil L., a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Kansas West Conference

Johnson, John J. Fredericksburg, Va.

Johnson, Mrs. Estel E. Jacksonville, Fla.

Johnson, Lewis A. Flat Rock, Ohio

Johnson, Lowell B., b.a., b.d., m.a. Conference Historical Society New York Conference

Johnson, M. S.

England Johnson, Mrs. R. L.

Chatsworth, Cahf.

Jones, Arthur E., Jr., m.a., ph.d. Librarian, Drew Universit\' Madison, N. J.

Jones, Daniel, a.b., b.d., th.d.

Minister

Alabama- West Florida Conference °JoN-ES, Francis P.

Nortliern New Jersey Conference

( Editor for China )

Jones, George W., b.a., b.d.

Minister

Texas Conference Jones, Joh.n Bayley, a.b., s.t.b.,

S.T.M. , D.D.

Minister

Baltimore Conference

CONTRIBUTORS

Jones, William C, b.d.

Minister

Texas Conference

Jordan, John H., b.d.

Minister

Maine Conference

Jorge, Norman Kerr Brazil

JuDD, Doris M. Hyattsville, Md.

Kaelble, Alfred Germany

Kalas, J. Ellsworth, b.s., b.d., d.d. Minister Wisconsin Conference

Kauffman, Lester M. Baltimore Conference

Keedy, Paul E.

Kees, Francis M., b.d. Minister Western Pennsylvania Conference

Keese, William A., a.b., d.d. Minister Baltimore Conference

Keever, Homer M., b.d. Conference historian Western North Carolina Conference

Keith, Mrs. Campbell, m.a. Institutional administrator Minneapolis, Minn.

Keith, Mrs. Guy Beaumont, Texas

Kelly, John J.

Northern New York Conference

Kemmerlin, Thomas W., b.d.

President, Conference Historical Society

South Carolina Conference Kendall, D. Homer, b.d.

Minister

Central Pennsylvania Conference Kendall, R. Elliott

England

"Kent, John H. S., m.a., ph.d.

Bristol, England

( Editor for Great Britain ) Kerr, Mrs. Arthur C.

New Orleans, La.

Kerstetter, William E., a.b., ll.d., s.t.b., ph.d., l.h.d. President, DePauw University South Indiana Conference

Kewlev, Arthur E.

Newfoundland Conference Canada

KiLGBEN, VeRNER E., A.B., B.D.

Conference Historical Society West Michigan Conference

KiMBRouGH, Edwin, b.a., b.d., d.d. Minister North Alabama Conference

King, Kenneth E. Blackpool, England

King, Mrs. Walter Hughey Murfreesboro, Tenn.

"King, Willis J., a.b., ph.d., d.d.,

LL.D.

Bishop, The United Metliodist Church ( Editor for Liberia )

Kinghorn, Kenneth Cain, b.d. Minister North Indiana Conference

KiRACoFE, John W. Boiling Springs, Pa.

KiRBY, H. F., B.A.

Chaplain, Kingswood College Grahamstown, South Africa

Kirkland, Richard L Selma, Ala.

"KlRKPATRICK, Dow N., A.B., B.D. PH.D.

Minister

Northern Illinois Conference

KissACK, Reginald, m.a., b.d. Liverpool, England ( Co-Editor for Italy)

Klaus, Leroy H., b.a., b.d. Minister Minnesota Conference

Kline, Lawrence O., b.a., b.d.,

M.L.S.

Minister

Wyoming Conference

Klingman, Vern L., b.a., th.m., th.d. Minister Yellowstone Conference

Knecht, David F., b.a., b.d. Minister North Dakota Conference

Knecht, John R., b.d. College president South Indiana Conference

Koehnlein, W. D., b.d. Minister South Indiana Conference

Krueger, Kenneth W., b.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

KuHN, Donald, b.a., b.d.

Minister

California-Nevada Conference

Kupferle, W. H., Jr., b.d. Minister Central Texas Conference

Lacy, Creighton B., a.b., b.d., ph.d. Professor, Duke Divinity School Western North CaroUna Conference LaFavhe, Floyd B., b.d.

Vice-president, Conference Historical

Society Southern California-Arizona Confer- ence

Lager, Axel Sweden

Laing, Alan K. Champaign, 111.

Lambdi.v, Henry L., b.d. Minister Northern New Jersey Conference

Lambert, Blaine, b.s., b.d., d.d. Conference Historical Society Minnesota Conference

Lambert, Claudia E. Norfolk, Va.

Lambert, Mark Thomas Winston-Salem, N. C.

"Lamson, Byron S. Winona Lake, Ind. (Editor for Free Methodist Church)

Lancaster, Richard L., b.a., b.d.,

D.D.

Minister

South Indiana Conference

Lance, Harlan E., a.b., m.a.

Director, Special Services, United

Methodist Church Evanston, 111.

Lantz, j. Edward, a.b., b.d.

Minister

North Georgia Conference Laskey, Josephine S.

Director of Colegio Americana

Rosario, Argentina Laurenson, George L, c.b.e.

Former Gen. Supt., Home and Maori Missions

Auckland, New Zealand

Lavender, Raleigh B., b.d. Minister Nortli Alabama Conference

Lavery, Milton M., b.a. Minister Troy Conference

"Lawson, John, m.a., b.sc, b.d. Professor, Emory University Atlanta, Ga. ( Editor for Doctrinal Articles )

Lawton, George, m.a. Rector of Checkley Staffs., England

Leary, William

England Lee, Edwar, b.d.

Minister

California-Nevada Conference

°Lee, Lawson

Missionary to Uruguay Lee, Phoebe W. (Mrs. Y. O.)

Hong Kong Leedy, Roy Benton

West Ohio Conference Lehman, Clayton G., b.d.

Minister

Kansas East Conference

CONTRIBUTORS

Lehmberg, Benjamin F., b.a., d.d. Minister Rocky Mountain Conference

Leonard, Richard D., ph.b., a.m.,

S.T.B.

Educator

Central Illinois Conference

LeRoque, Noel C, a.b., s.t.b., d.d. Minister

Southern California-Arizona Confer- ence

Letts, J. Meade, b.s., m.a., b.d. Minister East Ohio Conference

Lewis. Edward Br.^dley, b.a., th.m. Minister Baltimore Conference

Lewis, M. Pennant Wales

Lewis, Samuel D., a.b., b.d. Minister Florida Conference

Licorish, Joshlta E., b.d., b.a., s.t.m. Minister East Pennsylvania Conference

Lightner, George S., a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Virginia Conference

Lindemood, O. Rex, b.d. Minister North Indiana Conference

LiNDSEY, J. A., A.B., b.d.

Minister, Conference Historical

Society Mississippi Conference

LiNEBERGEB, J. W., Sr.

Administrator, Children's Home North Carolina Conference

Linger, Ross, a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister West Virginia Conference

Little, Brooks B., a.b., b.d., m.a. Archivist-librarian, The Upper Room North Carolina Conference

Lloyd, A. Kingsley England

LocKETT, Walter M., Jr., b.a., b.d. Minister Virginia Conference

°LONG, EULA K. Roanoke, Va. ( Editor for Brazil )

Long, G. Ernest, b.a., m.a. Professor, Handsworth College Birmingham, England

Long, James Alvin Brazil

Long, Margaret (Mrs. Roy E.)

South Dakota Conference Long, Robert

England

Longman, A. D.

Winnipeg, Canada

Lonsdale, Marjorie England

Loofboubow, Leon L. Minister, historian California-Nevada Conference

Loomis, Herbert D., .\.b., s.t.b. Minister Central New York Conference

Lord, Charles Edwin, b.d. Minister California-Nevada Conference

LoTZ, Charles J.

Central Illinois Conference

Loxx, Tom J. Arkansas

Lowell, Walter R. A.M.E. Zion Church

LoY, Mrs. Allen Australia

LoYD, H. Brown, b.d., d.d. Minister Central Texas Conference

Lundy, Clyde E., b.d. Minister Holston Conference

LuTSCH, Mrs. Walter M. Lakewood, Ohio

Lyman, Howard A., a.b., b.d. Minister Erie Conference

Lytle, D. Russell

Missouri East Conference

MacCanon, Robert R., b.d. Minister Iowa Conference

MacDonald, Scott, b.d., a.b., d.d. Former President, Jurisdictional Con- ference Historical Society Detroit Conference

Macedo, Luiz Gonzaga Brazil

MacMillan, Margaret B., ph.d. Professor Grand Rapids, Mich.

Madison, J. Clay, a.b., d.d.

Minister

Western North Carolina Conference Madison, John V., a.b., b.d., m.a.

Minister

South Dakota Conference .Maetche, a. W., b.d.

Minister

Northern Illinois Conference Mann, Niels

Denmark

( Editor for Denmark )

Manning, Norman P., Jr., b.a., b.d. Minister North Georgia Conference

"Marsh, Daniel L., a.b., a.m., litt.

- D., s.t.b., PH.D.

University Chancellor

Southern New England Conference

Martin, A. W., a.b.. b.d., d.d. Educator North Arkansas Conference

Martin, Eldon H., b.a., m.a., b.d.,

D.D.

Minister

Troy Conference

Martin, Lamar

Mississippi Conference

°Martin, William C., a.b., b.d.,

D.D., LL.D.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church

Martinez, Miguel Minister Boh via

Mart\', Howard H. Iowa Conference

Marvin, John E. Editor Detroit Conference

"Maser, Frederick E., a.b., th.b., m.a., d.d., ll.d. Ex. Sec, World Methodist Historical

Society Eastern Pennsylvania Conference ( Editorial Board )

Mason, Donald England

Massengale, Robert Glenn, a.b.,

B.D., PH.D.

Alabama- West Florida Conference

Mather, George K. Westminster, Md.

Maxwell, Harold H., b.d. Minister Rocky Mountain Conference

May, James W., a.b., b.d., ph.d. South Georgia Conference

Mayes, Allan M., b.s., b.d., s.t.m. Minister Texas Conference

Mayfield, L. H., b.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

"Mayfield, Robert G., a.b., ll.b.,

LL.D.

Executive, Lay Activities Wilmore, Ky.

Maynard, Edwin H., a.b., m.a. Church editor Northbrook, 111. ( Editor for Latin America )

McAnally, Tom, b.a., m.a. Lincoln Neb.

McCoNNELL, H. Ormonde Haiti

CONTRIBUTORS

McCoBMicK, James R., b.d. Minister Southern California-Arizona Conf.

"McCoy, Lewistine Brazil

McCrory, Quitman, b.a., b.d. Minister Oklahoma Conference

McCroky, Robbie H. (Mrs. Arthur) Wichita Falls, Te.\as

"McCuLLOH, Gerald O., a.b., m.a.,

S.T.B., PH.D.

Gen. Sec, Board of Education, United

Methodist Chiuch Minnesota Conference

McDavid, Joel D., a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Alabama-West Florida Conference

McDou'ell, Matthew, Alexander, d.d.

Former President of Conference Christchurch, New Zealand

McElvany, Harold, a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Northern Illinois Conference

McGary, Grace Harmon Louisville, 111.

McGee, J. Lester, b.d. Minister Missouri East Conference

McGowan, Guy B., b.d. Minister Nortli Alabama Conference

McGuiRT, Milton L., b.d. Minister South Carolina Conference

McIntyre, W. W., B.S., d.d. Minister Virginia Conference

McKean, Maurice D., a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Michigan Conference

McKervill, Hugh W. Hamilton Conference Canada

McKiRDY, Wayne M., b.a., th.m. Minister North Dakota Conference

McKnight, J. J., b.d. Minister Little Rock Conference

McLanachan, Mary Dayton, Ohio

McLeod, D. M. Brazil

McMahan, John W., a.b., ma., S.T.B., d.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

McMahan, Maurine H. El Paso, Texas

McNeer, Rembert D., b.d. Minister Virginia Conference

McPheetebs, Chilton C, b.a., b.d.,

PH.D.

Southern California-Arizona Conf.

"McPheeters, Julian C, b.d. Minister California-Nevada Conference

McPhebson, Nenien C, Jr., ph.b., b.d., d.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

Mead, Charles L., Jr. Presbyterian minister Plainfield, N. J.

Meahs, W. Gordon, b.a,, ll.d.,

LITT.D.

Former General Missionary Secretary Methodist Church of South Africa

Megill, Esther L. New York City

Meib, J. Kenneth England

Melton, J. Gordon, b.d. North Alabama Conference ( Editor for Methodist Variations,

U.S.A.)

'Merritt, Kinsey N., Highstown, N. J.

Merwin, William H., a.b., b.d.

Southern California-Nevada Confer- ence

Metzgeb, Paul O., b.s., b.d. Minister Minnesota Conference

Mevis, Floyd W., b.d. Minister Wisconsin Conference

"Michalson, Gordon E., b.a., m.a.,

PH.D.

College president

Southern California-Arizona Conf.

Mickey, Harold C, b.a. Hospital administrator Rochester, Minn.

"Millhouse, Paul W.

Bisliop, The United Methodist Church Miller, Charles R., b.d.

Minister

Central Pennsylvania Conference

Miller, Gene Ramsey (Mrs. R. Glenn) Historian Cleveland, Miss.

Miller, Lois

Missions executive New York City

Miller, Roy D., b.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

MiLSTEAD, Mary Silver Springs, Md.

MiscH, Fannie Rrownlee Tulsa, Okla.

Misneh, Peter L., b.d. Minister Maine Conference

MiSTELE, Hans Germany

Mitchell, Kenneth J., b.a., s.t.b.,

B.D.

Minister

Southern California-Arizona Conf.

Mitchell, Thomas G., a.b., b.d. Minister Florida Conference

Mohansingh, Samuel India

MojZES, Paul B., b.a., ph.d. Professor, Lycoming College Florida Conference

Monk, Robert C, b.a., b.d., m.a.,

PH.D.

Educator

Northwest Texas Conference

"Monti, Daniel P. Minister Argentina

Moody, Ruth B. (Mrs. E. P.) Lake Junaluska, N. C.

Moore, Flora C. Peoria, 111.

Moore, G. Nelson, b.d. Minister North Carolina Conference

"Moreland, J. Earl, a.b., l.h.d.,

LL.D.

College president Ashland, Va.

Morphis, John W., a.b., m.a., b.d.

Minister

North Texas Conference Morris, Julia

Fort Worth, Texas

Morrow, Thomas M. England

Moseley, Franklin S., a.b., b.d.

Conference historian

Alabama-West Florida Conference Moss, Arthur Bruce, a.b., a.m., b.d.

Historian

New York Conference

MouRA, Epaminondas Brazil

MousLEY, Harvey K., b.d. Minister Southern New England Conference

"Muelder, Walter G., b.s., s.t.b.,

PH.D., L.H.D.

Professor, Boston University

Soutliem New England Conference

MUHLENPOH, MaKJOHIE L.

Cleveland, Ohio MuNDAY, Walter I., ll.b., ll.m.,

B.D., D.D.

Louisville Conference

MuNBOE, W. Frazer Maritime Conference Canada

MuNSON, Fred Memphis, Tenn.

MuRRELL, Jesse L., b.d. Minister Kentucky Conference

MussER, Carl Wilson Alexandria, Va.

Myers, T. Cecil, a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister North Georgia Conference

Nader, Sam, a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Louisiana Conference

Nail, Olin W., b.a., b.d. Historian Southwest Texas Conference

Nall, Frances (Mrs. T. Otto) Past President, World Federation of

Methodist Women Hong Kong

°Nall, T. Otto, a.b., d.d., litt.d., ll.d.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church ( Editorial Board )

Nance, Dana W. Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Neale, Herbert W., b.a., b.d.

Minister

California-Nevada Conference Neef, Hermann

Germany

Neilson, J. Morrison, m.b.e., m.a., b.sc.

British minister Wilmslow, Cheshire, England

Nelson, Harvey A., b.a., s.t.b., d.d. Minister Iowa Conference

Nelson, Mary Sue (Mrs. John) Paris, Tenn.

Nesbitt, M. Wilson, a.b., b.d., d.d. Educator Western North Carolina Conference

°Ness, John H., a.b., d.d.

Minister

Central Pennsylvania Conference •Ness, John H., Jr., a.b., m.a., b.d.,

L.H.D.

Ex. Sec, Commission on Archives and

History Central Pennsylvania Conference ( Editor for EUB Church)

New^all, Jannette E. Professor, Boston University Boston, Mass.

Nevvinc, Ralph Kingston, Pa.

Newton, J. O., b.d. Minister Maine Conference

Newton, John A., m.a., b.a., ph.d. Professor, Didsbury College Bristol, England

Nichols, E. M.

British Columbia Conference Canada

Nichols, Oscar T., b.a., b.d.

Louisville Conference Nichols, Ralph Wesley, b.d.

Minister

Alabama-West Florida Conference Nicholson, R. Herman, a.b., b.d.,

d.d.

Minister

Western North Carolina Conference Nisbett, Clarence Elmer, b.d.

Oklahoma Conference Nlx, J. E.

Alberta Conference

Canada

NoFFS, Ted Australia ( Editor for Australia )

Nolan, Mildred Nlxon

Oak Ridge, La. Nordstrom, Clayton E.

Detroit, Mich. Norman, Mrs. G. R. P.

Toronto, Canada Norman, W. H. H.

Japan "North, Eric M., b.d.

New York Conference North, Jack B., a.b., b.d., d.d.

Minister

Central Illinois Conference

Northcutt, Guy

Marietta, Ga. Norton, Clarence Clifford, b.d.,

PH.D., LL.D.

South Carolina Conference "Norwood, Frederick A., b.a., b.d.,

PH.D.

Professor, Garrett Theo. Seminary

East Ohio Conference

( Editorial Board ) Nye, John A., b.a., b.d.

Minister

Iowa Conference Nye, Richard E., a.b., s.t.b.

Minister

Pacific Northwest Conference Nye, Russell G., b.d.

Iowa Conference

CONTRIBUTORS

Nylin, Henry G., b.s., m.a., b.d. Minister Central Illinois Conference

O'Connor, Donald R., b.s., b.d.,

PH.D.

Minister

Southern California-Arizona Conf.

Odon, Louis O., b.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

Oliphint, Benjamin R., b.a., b.d.,

S.T.M., PH.D. Louisiana Conference

Orians, Howard L., b.d.

Wisconsin Conference

Orlamunder, Paul Germany

Orr, a. Everil, m.b.e.

Superintendent, Central Mission Auckland, New Zealand

OsBORN, John, H., b.d. Minister Central Illinois Conference

Osborne, S. L.

Bay of Quinte Conference Canada

Owens, Carl G., b.d. Minister Texas Conference

Oxley, J. E.

England

Ozburn, Mrs. S. J. Tampa, Fla.

"Pace, James

Missionary to Bolivia

Pacheco, Joao Goncalves Brazil

"Palmer, Everett W., b.a., b.d.,

S.T.D., D.D.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church

Palmer, Louis D., a.b. Historian Wyoming Conference

Panisset, J. B. Brazil

Panzer, Robert A., a.b., m.a., s.t.b.,

D.D.

Minister

California-Nevada Conference

Parsons, Sabra Denton, Texas

Patton, Russell R., a.b., b.th., b.d.,

D.D.

Kentucky Conference

Peacock, Anne Coral Gables, Fla.

Peacock, Mary Thomas Chattanooga, Tenn.

Pearson, Ruth (Mrs. John M.) New York City

contributors

Peeples, F. H., b.d. Minister Memphis Conference

Pellovve, William C. S. Detroit Conference

Fennewell, Almeh, b.d. Historian Northern Illinois Conference

Pepper, Anthony T., m.a.

Minister

Worcester Park, Surrey, England

•Perkins, E. Benson, m.a., ll.d. Former Secretary, World Methodist

Council Birmingham, England

Perkins, F. Elwood, a.b., th.b.,

S.T.M.

Minister

Southern New Jersey Conference

Persons, William R., b.a., m.th.,

TH.D.

Minister

Rocky Mountain Conference

Petersen, Mrs. Vincent A. Davenport, Iowa

Peterson, Arthur T., Jr. Brazil

Pfister, J. Ralph

Church of the United Brethren in Christ (Old Constitution)

Phillips, Bess G. (Mrs. Marcus F.) Jackson, Tenn.

•Phillips, Glenn Randall, a.b., d.d., l.h.d., ll.d. Bishop, The Methodist Church

Phillips, H. Arthur, b.d. Minister North Carolina Conference

I*HiLLiPS, William H., a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister East Ohio Conference

Phillipson, W. Oliver, m.a. Minister Taunton, Surrey, England

Phinney, William R., b.s., m.a., b.d. Minister New York Conference

•PiCKETT, J. WaSKOM, b.a., M.A., D.D.,

ll.d., d.h.l.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church

(Editor for India)

Pierce, L. W., b.d. Historian Holston Conference

Pierce, Robert Bruce, a.b., m.a.,

D.D.

Minister

Northern Illinois Conference

PiLKiNGTON, James P.

Methodist Publishing House Nashville, Tenn.

•PiNHEIRO, JOSE P. Bishop, Brazil

PoDOLL, Elmer H., b.d. Minister California-Nevada Conference

PoLSON, Marvin M., b.d. Minister Oklahoma Conference

Post, Allen Atlanta, Ga.

Potter, Hugh O. Owensboro, Ky.

•PoTTS, J. Manning, m.a., th.b., th.m., d.d.

Editor, The Upper Room Virginia Conference (Consultant)

Powell, C. D. Alberta Conference Canada

Powell, Floyd W., a.b., b.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

Powell, Lillian Waynesboro, Ga.

Price, Thomas M., a.b., b.d. Texas Conference

PURKISER, W. T. Kansas City, Mo.

Quarles, Garland R. Winchester, Va.

•Queen, Louise L. (Mrs. Rufus) Adm. Asst., Gen. Commission on Ar- chives and History Lake Junaluska, N. C. (Assistant to General Editor)

•Quillian, Joseph D., Jr., b.a., b.d.,

PH.D.

Dean, Perkins School of Theology North Texas Conference

Rack, Henry, b.a., m.a.

Professor, Hartley- Victoria College England

•Raines, Richard C., a.b., s.t.b.,

D.D., S.T.D., ll.d., d.h.l.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church

•Rainey, Joe Sharp, b.d. Minister Virginia Conference

Ramsdale, William F., b.d. Minister Kansas West Conference

•Rast, John Marvin, b.d., m.a., d.d. Minister South Carolina Conference

Rattenbury, H. Morley, m.a. Minister Hoylake, Cheshire, England

Reagan, John F., b.a., b.d. Institution executive Yellowstone Conference

Reamey, George S., a.b., b.d., d.d.,

PH.D.

Editor, Virginia Advocate Virginia Conference

•Reed, Elbert E. Missionary to Chile

Reed, Frank T., b.d. Minister Northern New Jersey Conference

Reeves, Howard N., Jr., b.mus., b.d.,

S.T.M. , S.T.D.

Eastern Pennsylvania Conference

Reichert, Earl W., b.d. Minister Wisconsin Conference

Reid, J. C.

Manitoba Conference Canada

Reid, William W., m.a. Church official Whitestone, L.I. N.Y.

Reily, D. a.

Brazil Reisner, Ensworth, a.b., S.T.B.

Minister

Wisconsin Conference

Reitor, Noemi Deulofeu Cuba

Reynolds, A. G. Toronto Conference Canada

Rice, William C. Baldwin City, Kan.

Richards, Ellis H., a.b., b.d., ph.d. Educator Northern New Jersey Conference

Ricketts, John B. Greenville, S. C.

RiDDicK, Roland P., b.d.

Minister

Virginia Conference

Ridley, Roy Ben, b.d. Minister Florida Conference

RiST, Martin, a.b., b.d., th.b., ph.d. Professor North Indiana Conference

Rives, Ralph Hardee, a.b., ph.d. Professor Enfield, N.C. (Editor for M.P. Church)

•Rives, Dina Brazil

Robbins, Mrs. Newit Vick

Vicksburg, Miss. Roberts, Griffith T., m.a., b.d.

Chairman of District

Anglesey, U. K.

Robinson, Milton Missionary to Bolivia Ancoraimes, Bolivia

CONTRIBUTORS

"ROCHA, ISNARD

Brazil "RocKEY, Clement D., a.b., b.d.,

M.A., PH.D.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church (Editor for Pakistan)

ROGEBS, CaRLETON C, A.B., B.D., D.D.

Northern Illinois Conference

Rogers, Edward, b.a., b.d.

Gen. Sec, Christian Citizenship Dept. London, England

ROHRBACH, Edgar B., b.d.

Northern New Jersey Conference

RoBiE, Kenneth Glen, b.a., b.d. Minister Louisiana Conference

Rose, E. A. England

RoTON, OuiDA Wade Acworth, Ga.

ROTT, LUDWIG F.

Germany Rozzelle, C. Excelle, b.d., D.D. Minister Western North Carolina Conference

°Rupp, E. Gordon, f.b.a., b.a., m.a.,

D.D.

Professor Cambridge, England

RuTTER, Kenneth P.,

Sachman, Dieter Germany

Sadler, Harold Davis, a.b., b.d. Minister Little Rock Conference

Sage, Ernest E. Minister Auckland, New Zealand

Salvador, Joao Goncalves Brazil

Salvador, Jose Goncalves Brazil

Samples, Eual Emery, b.a., b.d., m.a. Minister Mississippi Conference

Santos, Almir dos Brazil

Sargent, Abbie E. Los Angeles, Calif.

Sartorio, Paul L., b.a., b.d. Minister New York Conference

°Saueb, Charles A., b.d. Minister

West Ohio Conference ( Editor for Korea )

Sayre, Charles A., b.s., b.d., ph.d. Minister Southern New Jersey Conference

ScHAAD, Hermann Switzerland

(Editor for Switzerland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Austria)

Schaefer, Heinz Germany

"ScHELL, Edwin A., b.s., b.d. Conference Historian Baltimore Conference ( Consultant )

Schilling, Ablo L.

Naperville, 111. "Schilling, S. Paul, b.s., s.t.b.,

PH.D.

Educator

Baltimore Conference

"Schisleb, William R., Jr., Brazil

SCHNECK, WiLHELM K.

Germany Schneeberger, William

Czechoslovakia ScHOLZ, Ernst, d.d.

Church official

Germany ScHULTZ, Arthur L., b.d.

Minister

West Pennsylvania Conference Schwartz, Benjamin F., a.b., s.t.b.,

D.D.

Minister

Nebraska Conference

SCHWARZ, E. R. Canada Alberta Conference

Scorsonelli, Alfredo

Italy Scott, Kenneth J., b.d.

Minister

West Virginia Conference

Scott, Leland, b.d.

Minister

Southern California-Arizona Confer- ence Scbimshibe, Joe B., b.a., b.d., d.d.

Minister

New Mexico Conference

ScRiviN, Arthur H.

Former General Secretary for Over- seas Missions and President of Con- ference Auckland, New Zealand

Seemueller, Theophil Germany

Sells, Ernest L.

Missionary to Rhodesia Lake Junaluska, N. C.

'Sells, James W., a.b., ll.d., d.d.

Mississippi Conference 'Sessions, C. Carl, b.s., ll.b., b.d.,

d.d.

Central Texas Conference

Minister

Sewell, James H., b.d.

Minister

Little Rock Conference Shackford, Joseph T., b.d.

Minister

Oklahoma Conference

Shaffer, Frank L., b.d., b.a. Minister West Virginia Conference

Shaffer, Harry E.

Castro Valley, Calif. Shamblin, J. Kenneth, b.a., b.d.,

d.d.

Minister

Texas Conference

Shannon, Charles E., a.b.., b.d. Minister Western Nortli Carolina Conference

Shaver, Robert G., b.d. Minister Louisville Conference

Shaw, Thomas

General Secretary, Wesley Historical

Society Helston, Cornwall, England

Sheard, Harriet

Dayton, Ohio Sheffield, Wesley

North Dakota Sheller, Roscoe

Sunnyside, Wash. Shelton, W. a., b.d.

Minister

North Alabama Conference

"Sherlock, Hugh B.

West Indies Sherwood, Lawrence F., a.b., b.d.,

D.D.

Minister

West Virginia Conference

Shierson, Harry E.

San Diego, Calif. Shippey, Frederick A., a.b., b.d.,

PH.D.

Educator Troy Conference Shipps, Howard F., a.b., th.b., s.t.d. Educator Southern New Jersey Conference

Shockley, Grant S., a.b., b.d., m.a., ed.d.

Minister, Educator Holston Conference (Editor for AME Church)

Short, Harry R., b.d.

Minister

Louisville Conference "Short, Roy H., a.b., b.d., th.m.,

D.D., LL.D., LITT. D., DR. CANON LAW

Bishop, The United Methodist Church Shroyeb, Montgomery J., b.d. Minister Baltimore Conference

37

CONTRIBUTORS

SiFTON, Mrs. Flora

St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada SiLEH, AnnG. (Mrs. J. B.)

Waynesville, N. C. "SiLVEiRA, Paulo Guarracy

Brazil Simpson, Mrs. Claude M.

Nashville, Tenn. SiSLER, Paul D.

Nebraska Conference Skeete, F. Herbert, a.b., b.d., s.t.m.

Minister

New York Conference

Skillman, Lula Hunter

Nortli Carolina Skinner, Michael J., m.a.

Michael Gutteridge Tutor in Syste- matic and Pastoral Theology

Wesley House, Cambridge, England

Smeltzer, Wallace Guy, b.s.,

S.T.B., D.D.

flisturian

Western Pennsylvania Conference

Smith, Bessie Archer Retired Missionary Montevideo, Uruguay

"Smith, Earl M. Retired Missionary Monte\ ideo, Uruguay

Smith, Harold N., b.d.

Minister

Northern New Jersey Conference "Smith, Horace Greeley, a.b.,

d.d., s.t.b., ll.d., l.h.d.

Minister

Nortliern Illinois Conference

Smith, Howard H., b.d.

President, Conference Commission on

Archives and History Central Pennsylvania Conference

Smith, Irving L., a.b., b.d., d.d.

Minister

Oklahoma Conference Smith, J. Castro, b.d.

Minister

Holston Conference

Smith, James Roy, b.a., m.a., b.d.,

D.D.

Minister

Virginia Conference "Smith, LeGhand B. Missionary Bolivia

Smith, Marlin E., a.b., b.d.

Minister

Wisconsin Conference Smith, Mary F. "Smith, Matthew D.

Mitchell, S. D. Smith, Raymond Alexander, a.b.,

B.D., PH.D.

Educator

Western North Carolina Conference

Smith, Warren Thomas, b.a., b.d.,

PH.D., D.D.

Minister

North Georgia Conference

"Smith, Wilbur K. Brazil

Smyth, Charles R. Educator-M inister Southern New Jersey Conference

"Snavely, Guy E., a.b., ph.d. College President Biniiingham, Ala.

Snodcrass, Ottis Rymeb, b.d. Minister West Virginia Conference

Snyder, John

"SocKMAN, Ralph W., b.a., d.d.,

M.A., PH.D., S.T.B., D.D., L.H.D.

Minister

New York Conference

SoLTMAN, John C, b.a., b.d., s.t.m. Minister Pacific Northwest Conference

"Sommer, G. Ernst, ph.d., m.a.,

M.ED.

Bishop, Germany

( Editor for Germany )

Sommermeyer, Lewis Fort Worth, Texas

Sorensen, Gordon, b.d. Minister Wisconsin Conference

"SosA, Adam F. Minister Argentina

Souders, Bruce C, b.d.

Member, General Commission on Ar- chives and History East Pennsylvania Conference ( Consultant )

Spafford, Arthur L., b.d. Minister Detroit Conference

"Spann, J. Richard, b.d. Minister Southwest Texas Conference

Spellman, L. U., b.d. Minister Southwest Texas Conference

Spellman, Norman W. Professor Central Texas Conference

Spencer, Harry, b.d. Minister Northern Illinois Conference

Spore, Kenneth L., b.a., b.d., d.d. Minister Little Rock Conference

Spreng, L. Ethel Naperville, 111.

Stagey, Donald S., b.d. Minister New York Conference

Stagey, John

England Stackhouse, W. C, a.b., b.d.

Minister

South Carolina Conference

"Stafford, Thomas A., b.d. Church Official Minnesota Conference

"Stanger, Frank Bateman, a.b.,

th.b., s.t.m., d.d., ll.d.

Seminary President

Southern New Jersey Conference Stapelberc, Eric

Sweden Starkey, Lycubgus M., Jr., b.a.,

b.d., PH.D.

Minister

North Indiana Conference

Statham, Margaret

England Stauffeb, Eugene E., a.b., b.d., d.d.

Minister

Northern Illinois Conference

Steadman, Melvin Lee, Jr., b.d. Minister Virginia Conference

"Steckel, Karl Germany

Steel, Edward Marvin, Jr. Morgantown, W. Va.

"Steel, Marshall T., b.a., b.d., d.d.,

LL.D.

College President Little Rock Conference

Steele, William T., b.a., m.a. Minister Tennessee Conference

Steelman, Robert B., a.b., s.t.b.,

S.T.M.

President, Conference Commission on

Archives and History Southern New Jersey Conference

Stein, K. James, b.d.

Member, General Commission on Ar- chives and History North Dakota Conference

Stephens, Peter England

"Stephenson, Frank W., b.d. Minister Western Pennsylvania Conference

Stetleb, Edwin L. Harrisburg, Pa.

Stevens, Thelma New York City

Stewart, Martin Buren, b.a., b.d.,

D.D.

Minister

New Mexico Conference

38

CONTRIBUTORS

SncHER, Hermann

Germany Stine, Cawlev E., b.d.

Minister

Eastern Pennsylvania Conference Stockham, Richard J.

Birmingham, Alabama Stockwell, Spencer L.

South West Texas Conference Stokes, Mack B., a.b., b.d., ph.d.,

LL.D.

Professor

Holston Conference Stone, Elbert B.

Louisville, Ky. Stone, H. Darrel

Philadelphia, Pa. "Straughn, James H.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church "Strohl, C. Orville

Kansas West Conference Sturm, Roy A.

Wisconsin Conference Supples, Raymond L.

Chevy Chase, Md.

Swan, Lowell B.

Rocky Mountain Conference Sweet, Pearl S.

Seal Beach, Calif. Taggett, D. Coyd

Northern Ilhnois Conference Tate, Robert S., Jr.

Southwest Texas Conference Tavares, Jurema

Brazil Taylor, Ben J.

Fairfield, Iowa Taylor, Daniel E.

Oregon-Idaho Conference Taylor, Ernest R.

England "Taylor, Edwin L.

West Indies

( Editor for West Indies )

Teeter, Bonner E., b.d.

Minister

Oklahoma Conference Templin, J. Alton, b.a., th.d.

Minister

Southern New England Conference "Theuer, Donald A.

Nashville, Tenn.

Thigpen, Mrs. Charles R.

Albuquerque, N. M.

Thomas, Alfred John, b.d.

Minister

Central Pennsylvania Conference Thomas, Francis C.

Thomas, G. Ernest, s.t.b., th.d., d.d.

Minister Detroit Conference

Thompson, Charles E., b.d. Minister Northern New York Conference

Thompson, Claude Holmes, a.b..

B.D., PH.D.

Minister

Florida Conference Thompson, G. Frazer

England Thompson, Royce L.

Washington, D.C. "Thonger, William G.

Belgium

( Editor for Belgium )

Thornburc, Mrs. D. W.

Sante Fe, N. M. Thornley, Robert, ma.

Former President of Conference

Takapuna Church, Auckland, New Zealand Thrasher, Harold, a.b., s.t.b.

Minister

Nortliem Indiana Conference

Thurston, Elwyn O., a.b., b.d. Minister Oklahoma Conference

TiCE, Frank

England TiCKNER, Leon Howard

Erie Conference TowLSON, Clifford W., m.a., b.a.,

b.d., PH.D.

Fomier Headmaster, Woodhouse

Grove School Apperley Bridge, Yorkshire, England

TOWNSLEY, InMAN

New York Tredway, Thomas

Northern Illinois Conference Trevethan, p. J.

Bethesda, Md. Tribbeck, Erris C. H.

France

(Co-Editor for France)

Trick, Ormal B.

Oregon-Idaho Conference

Trueblood, Roy W.

Central Illinois Conference Tucker, Francis Bland

Christ Church ( Episcopal )

Savannah, Ga.

Tucker, Frank C, a.b., b.d., d.d.

Missouri East Conference Turner, J. Munsey

England Turner, Lynn W.

Westervllle, Ohio Turner, Martha Leach

Toledo, Ohio

'Tuttle, Lee F., a.b., b.d., d.d. General Secretary, World Methodist Council

Western Nortli Carolina Conference ( Editorial Board )

Tuttle, R. G.

Western North Carolina Conference

Twiddy, William M.

Northern New Jersey Conference

Uhlinger, James R., a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Southern New England Conference

Vago, Ismael a. Minister Argentina

"Valenzuela, Raimundo a. Bishop, Methodist Church of Chile Santiago, Chile

Van, Clarence C, b.d. Minister New York Conference

Vanbuskirk, G. Bennett, b.d. Minister New Hampshire Conference

"Vancura, Vaclav Czechoslovakia (Editor for Czechoslovakia)

Vanderpool, W. Harry, b.a., b.d. Minister Northwest Texas Conference

Van der Poss, J. D. P.

Department of Bantu Languages University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

°Veh, Raymond M., b.d. Minister Western Ohio Conference

Veh, Mrs. Raymond M. Thiensville, Wis.

Velasco, Gustavo A. Mexico (Editor for Mexico)

Vernon, Ruth M. Nashville, Tenn.

"Vernon, Walter N., Jr., a.b., m.a., b.d., litt.d. Minister

North Texas Conference ( Associate Editor )

Vevers, J. A. England

Veysie, D. C, m.a. Superintendent minister East Rand Circuit, South Africa

ViCKERS, John A. England

Vine, Victor E. Minister Okehampton, Devon, England

VivioN, King, b.d. Minister South Georgia Conference

CONTRIBUTORS

•VoicT, Edwin E., b.s., m.a., b.d.,

D.D., PH.D., LL.D., LITT.D., L.H.D.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church

VoRHis, Wilfred D. Middlffown, Ohio

VOBR.\TH, F. E.

Tlic Evangelical Church Canada

VosBURC, Frederick, a.b., s.t.b.,

S.T.M.

Minister

Detroit Conference

Wade, Wilfred England

Wagner, H. Hughes, a.b., s.t.b., d.d. Minister Southern New England Conference

Wainvvright, Arthur W. Atlanta, Ga.

Waitzmann, Ludvvig Germany

Wakefield, Gordon S. England

Wallace, Aldbed Pruden, .\.b., B.D., d.d. Minister West Virginia Conference

Wallace, Eleanor Darnall (Mrs. Donald A. ) Wilmette, 111.

Walls, A. F. England

Walton, Wilbur Latimer, b.s., d.d. Minister Alabama-West Florida Conference

Ward, A. Marcus England

Ward, A. Sterling, a.b., b.d., th.d. Minister Missouri West Conference

'Ward, W. Ralph, Jr., a.b., s.t.b., s.t.m. , d.d., ll.d., s.t.d., l.h.d. Bishop, The United Methodist Church

•Ward, W. W., b.d Minister Central Texas Conference

"Warfield, Gaither p., a.b., b.d.,

M.A., d.d.

Minister, Church o£Bcial Virginia Conference ( Editor for Poland )

Waring, Mabel E. Fall River, Mass.

Warnick, Mrs. John H. Dallas, Texas

"Washburn, Paul, b.a., b.d., d.d. Bishop, The United Methodist Church

Washer, Robert R., a.b., s.t.b., d.d. Minister Southern California-Arizona Confer-

Waterhouse, John W. England

Watts, Harrison D. Atlanta, Ga.

Watters, Elizabeth Quillan Stephens, Ga.

Weatherly, Mary H. Cincinnati, Ohio

Weaver, Harold R., b.a., b.d., ph.d. Minister Wisconsin Conference

Weaver, Jean Dayton, Ohio

Webb, John, R., a.b., d.d. Minister Oklahoma Conference

Webster, Roy E. II, a.b., b.d. Minister Louisville Conference

Weeks, John Wesley Decatur, Ga.

Weimer, Glenn D., b.a., b.d. Minister South West Texas Conference

Weir, John H. Ireland

Welch, H. Alden, b.a., b.d. Minister Northern New Jersey Conference

"Weldon, Wilson O., b.a., b.d., d.d. Editor, The Upper Room Western Nortli Carolina Conference

"Welliver, Lester A., a.b., m.a.,

B.D., D.D., LL.D.

Minister

Central Pennsylvania Conference

"Werner, Hazen G., a.b., d.d., b.d.,

LL.D., st.d.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church

Werner, Stella Biddison Bethesda, Md.

°Wertz, D. Frederick, a.b., b.d.,

s.t.b., m.a, th.d.

Bishop, The United Methodist Church "West, Arthur, a.b., m.a., s.t.b.,

D.D.

Minister — Church 0£BciaI Missouri East Conference

West, C. A., b.d.

President, Conference Commission on

Archives and History Texas Conference

West, Donald J., b.d.

Minister

North Georgia Conference West, Roberta Baur

Chinook, Mont.

Westbrook, Francis B., b.a., mus.b.

MUS.D.

Minister London, England

Westbrook, Norman B., b.d. Minister North Alabama Conference

Wheatley, Marshall A. Royal Oak, Mich.

Wheeler, Sterling F., b.a., b.d.,

D.D.

Minister

Southwest Texas Conference

Whelpto.n, H. E. France ( Co-Editor for France )

White, Charles D., a.b., b.d., d.d. Minister Western North Carolina Conference

White, Gordon B., a.b., b.d., th.d.

Minister

Central Illinois Conference White, James F., a.b., b.d.

Minister-Educator

California- Nevada Conference

White, Walter B., Jr., b.a., b.d. Minister Louisville Conference

Whiteside, Grace Watertown, S. D.

Whyman, Henry C., b.s., b.d.,

PH.D.

Minister

New York Conference

WiCKSTROM, Werner T., b.d. Minister

Nortliern Illinois Conference ( Editor for Liberia )

Wiley, Edward E., Jr., a.b., d.d.,

B.D., M.A.

President, Conference Commission on

Archives and History Holston Conference

Wiley, Elizabeth Naperville, 111.

WiLKINS, C.

Chairman of Natal District South Africa

Wilkinson, John T., m.a., b.a.m.,

d.d.

Former Principal, Hartley-Victoria College, Manchester now of Knight- on

Radnorshire, Wales

"Will, Herman, Jr., ll.b., a.b. Washington, D.C.

Williams, Charles Scott Williamsport, Pa.

Williams, Ethel L. AMEZ Church

Williams, Frank L., b.d. Minister Baltimore Conference

CONTRIBUTORS

Williams, Hugh E., b.d. Minister Iowa Conference

Williams, Ira E., Jr., a.b., b.d. Minister New Mexico Conference

Williams, Roy D., b.d. Minister Memphis Conference

Wilson, Edward N., a.b., d.soc. sc,

LL.D.

Retired College Official Baltimore, Md.

Wilson, J. Gbaydon, a.b., th.m. Minister Nebraska Conference

Wilson, Mrs. Paul A. North Carolina

Wilson, Robert S.

Evangelical Congregational Church

Wilson, Ronald H., a.b., m.h.a. Institutional Administration Gaithersburg, Md.

Wilson, James Frederick, b.d. Minister South Georgia Conference

Wing, Herbert, Jr. Carhsle, Pa.

WiNKLEY., John, W., b.d. Minister California-Nevada Conference

WiNSOR, N.

Newfoundland Conference Canada

WiPP, KONSTANTINE

Detroit Conference

Woffobd, Warren C. Brazil

Wolgemathe, Minnie Dayton, Ohio

"Wood, A. Harold Australia

Wood, A. Skevington England

Wood, Louis Midland, Mich.

Woodring, De Wayne S., b.s., b.d. Church Official East Ohio Conference

Woods, Marion F., a.b., b.d., m.a. Minister Central America

Woodward, Mrs. Joseph R. Dearborn, Mich.

"Woodward, M.ax W. England

Workman, James W., a.b., b.a., b.d., m.a., ll.d. Minister Little Rock Conference

WoRLEY, W. Paul, b.d. Minister Holston Conference

Wrenn, Raymond Fitzhugh, a.b.,

B.D.

Church Official Virginia Conference

Wright, C. David, b.d. Minister West Ohio Conference

Wright, Mrs. F. P. Houston, Texas

Wright, Robert Roy, a.b., b.d. Church Official, Editor New York Conference

"WuNDERLICH, FrIEDRICH, PH.D.,

D.D., L.H.D.

Bishop Germany

WUNDERLICH, MaRIA

President, Methodist Women. West

Germany Germany

Ye.\tes, John W., b.s., m.a. Minister North Mississippi Conference

Yinger, G. Dempster, b.a., d.d. Minister Iowa Conference

Tingling, L. Carroll, Jr., a.b., b.d. Minister Baltimore Conference

Yoak, J. B. F., Jr, a.b., d.d. Minister West Virginia Conference

Young, Carlton, R., s.t.b. Educator — Musician East Ohio Conference

Young, Frank V., b.d. Minister Erie Conference

Young, John F. Church Official Columbus, Ohio

Zara, Louise Brooklyn, N. Y.

"Zeuner, Walther

Minister, Member COSMOS, Secre-

tar>', Germany Central Conference Germany

AAPJIE, HANS, Transvaal pioneer, was born in Makapan's tribe about seventy miles north of Pretoria, South Africa, went to the Cape Colony for employment in about 1874, was converted, learned to read and write and married a Christian. He returned to the Transvaal in about 1876 but only gained permission two years later from Makapan to preach and teach. The Chairman of the District visited this area in March 1882 and met a congregation of about 150 in a well-constructed church building. Twenty adults and forty children attended a day school run by Aapjie in the same building. He taught them the letters of the alphabet out of the Bible. In April 1884, George Weavind, Secretary of the Transvaal Synod, visited this Society and baptized 116 adults and sixtv-six children. In August 1885 Watkins baptized a further thirty-one chil- dren and fifty-four adults in this Society.

Journal of the Methodist Historical Society of South Africa.

Vol. Ill, No. 2 (October 1958).

Minutes of South African Conference, 1939. D. C. Veysie

ABBOTT, BENJAMIN (1732-1796), early .\merican pi- oneer preacher, bom in New- Jersey, U.S.A., the son of Benjamin Abbott, Sr., and Hannah Burroughs, in 1732. His father was a substantial land owner, his mother a "godly woman of effectual prayer."

Following the early death of both father and mother, he learned the hatmakers' trade in Philadelphia. In early youth Abbott had fallen pretty deeply into the ways of sin. Soon after coming of age he hired himself for planta- tion work in south Jersey, and there purchased his own farm and married.

Upon hearing a Methodist itinerant, Abraham Whit- worth, preach with simplicity and power, Abbott first knew his sins forgiven, his conversion taking place Oc- tober 12, 1772.

He immediately began to witness for Christ and be- came the first native Methodist itinerant for New Jersey. As a local preacher for seventeen years he carried forward a most effective work of evangelism, church building, and organization of new societies throughout south Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. Herbert As- bury says it is believed that Abbott obtained more con- verts than any other Wesleyan preacher except John Wesley, George Whitefield, and possibly Robert Williams. Joseph Sickler in his History of Salem has as- serted that "as an exhorter and weaver of spells over his listeners, Abbott had no equal in his time or possibly in all the history of the Methodist Church."

The work of Abbott was of great importance during the Revolution. In 1779, there being no official appointment in New Jersey, this lay preacher vmofficially assumed the chief responsibility for leadership in Methodism. Scudder has asserted in his volume on American Methodism, "Here New Jersey was his vast circuit, and he was the chief

instrument in preserving the spiritual life of its societies during the distracting period of the Revolution."

The final period of Abbott's life ( 1789-96) came with his ordination and reception into the traveling ministry at the Conference held May, 1789, at Trenton, N. J. He was anpointed to the Dutchess Circuit, where in the next sixteen months the membership increased from a scat- tered few to nearly 1,400. Revivals broke out in every part of the circuit and four new circuits were added. Throughout the few years remaining until his death, Abbott continued to preach and organize new societies in New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Del- aware, and Mar>land. The Minutes of the Philadelphia Conference, M. E. Church in 1796, recording his death, say: "Perhaps he was one of the wonders of America. No man's copy; an uncommon zealot for the blessed work of sanctification, he preached it on all occasions, and in all congregations . . . He was seldom heard by anyone to speak about anything but God and religion, and his whole soul was often overwhelmed by the power of God."

Abel Stevens concludes his story of Abbott by saying: "He had led hosts of souls from the lowest abysses of vice into a good life and into the church, from the Hudson to the Chesapeake. His singular yet most effective hfe will ever remain a marvel, if not a mystery. An extraordinary individuahty of character, sanctified by extraordinary en- dowments of divine grace, must be its chief explanation. They fitted him for a peculiar work, and he did it thor- oughly with all his might and to the end."

J. M. Buckley, History of Methodists. 1896. J. F. Hurst, History of Methodism. 1901-04. M. Simpson, Cyclopaedia. 1878. Howard F. Shipps

ABBOTT, DAVID GUSHWA (1863-1939), was a mission- ary of the M. E. Church in the Central Provinces of India, now Madhya Pradesh State, 1900-1934. He began his ministry at Khandwa immediately after a severe famine, and superintended an orphanage and a refugee camp of a thousand persons. Subsequently he was at different times superintendent of every district and participated in the care of every educational institution in the Con- ference.

Born in a mining camp in Californlv during die period of the gold rush, he was educated at Iowa Wesleyan College and Boston University School of Theology. He married Martha Day, formerly a missionary in Cal- cutta and Moradabad. His older half-brother, Edward Newsom, had been a missionary in India for some years.

Abbott twice represented the Central Provinces Annual Conference in General Conference and often in the Cen- tral Conference, the Executive Board and the Mid-India and National Christian Councils. He made a three-year court fight to establish the right of Christian converts to draw water from public wells, the first high-court decision

ABE, YOSHIMUNE

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

giving Christians the right to share, without discrimina- tion, the use of public facihties. The principle, previously denied, is now guaranteed to all citizens by the Indian constitution.

Abbott died March 29, 1939, while walking near his home in Los Angeles. For two years prior to his death he had been president of the Interdenominational Mission- ary Association of Greater Los Angeles.

J. N. Hollister, Southern Asia. 1956.

The Indian Witness. April 1, 1909, p. 247.

Minutes of the Madhya Pradesh Annual Conference.

J. Waskom Pickett

1939. In the meantime, in 1931, the D.D. degree had been conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University.

Bishop Abe was active in the movement for the organi- zation of the United Church of Christ in Japan, and served as Chairman of its Organizing General Conference in 1941.

His influence has extended beyond his own church and even into international relations. He was fraternal dele- gate to the M. E. General Conference in 1928. As Na- tional Chairman of the Y.M.C.A. of Japan, he attended the Toronto and Cleveland Conferences in 1931 and traveled in Europe. From 1933 to 1941 he was chairman of the National Christian Conference of Japan. In 1941 he headed a group of Japanese Christians who went to the United States to secure the understmding of missionary leaders regarding the organization of the United Church, and to strive for the preservation of peace between the two countries. During the war he served as President of the Central China Religious Federation, and, after re- turning to Japan at the end of the war, became President of the Japan Christian Peace Association. In 1949-50, at the invitation of the Board of Missions, he traveled in the U. S. A., speaking in twenty-eight states about the Chris- tian movement in Japan.

Since 195.5, Dr. Abe has been General Secretary of the Educational Association of Christian Schools in Japan, at the same time serving as pastor of a new congregation which he founded after the war. He renders invaluable counsel in the leadership of the United Church and to many educational institutions.

Who's Who in The Methodist Church, 1966.

John B. Cobb, Sr.

ABERCROMBIE, RALPH (1837-1914), British Methodist, was a son of Richard Abercrombie. He was bom at Whitby on July 31, 1837, and entered the United Meth- odist Free Church ministry in 1861. He was Con- nexion al Editor from 1883 to 1892, was one of the committee which edited the New Hymn Book of 1889, and in that year was elected president. He served on the committee which led to the Union of 1907. He died in Manchester on February 2, 1914.

YosHiMUNE Abe

UMCiUK) Minutes, 1914

OLrvER A. Beckerlecge

ABE, YOSHIMUNE (1886- ), Bishop of the Japan

Methodist Church, educator and ecumenical leader, was bom in Hirosaki in northern Japan, and baptized in the Methodist Church there in 1901. This church, said to be the oldest Methodist Church in Japan, was founded by Dr. Abe's uncle, Yoitsu Honda, who in 1907 became the first bishop of the Japan Methodist Church. From the Hirosaki Church have gone out over two hundred Chris- tian preachers.

Yoshimune Abe graduated from Aoyama Gakuin, Meth- odist College in Tokyo, in 1908 and from its theological department in 1912. Then in the U. S. he received a B.D. degree from Drew Seminary and an M.A. from New York University, both in 1915.

Returning to Japan he served successively as pastor of the Aoyama College Church, Dean of the Academy, and Dean of the Theological Department, and in 1933 be- came president of the university. He held this post until he was elected Bishop of the Japan Methodist Church in

ABERCROMBIE, RICHARD (1797-1881), British Meth- odist, was bom in Norwich on January 24, 1797. He was converted while in the army in France after Waterloo, later accompanied Lorenzo Dow in Ireland, and assisted in the establishment of Methodist work in Gibraltar, but was expelled from the Wesleyan Methodists in 1834 be- cause of his Reform sympathies. He left the army in 1836, and immediately associated himself with the Wes- leyan Methodist Association and entered the ministry, contenting himself throughout his ministry with serving in the poorer circuits. Two of his sons, Richard Elijah and Ralph Abercrombie, entered the ministry. He died in London on July 2, 1881.

U.M.F.C. Minutes, 1881. Ouver A. Beckeblegce

ABERNATHY, JOHN REAGAN (1879-1957), American minister, was born near Hamilton, Tex., October 29, 1879. He attended Proctor Seminary in Texas, Scarritt Collegiate Institute at Neosho, Mo., and Vanderbilt School of

WORLD METHODISM

ABILENE, TEXAS

Theology. He was awarded the D.D. degree by Okla- homa City University Abemathy was married to Helen Hinman October 16, 1907 at Centralia, Mo.

"Brother John," as he was often called, joined the Southwest Missouri Conference in 1900, later trans- ferred to the Missouri Conference, and then went to Oklahoma in 1908. He served a number of pastorates in Oklahoma City, was superintendent of the Tulsa and Oklahoma City Districts, commissioner of education for the Conference, and associate pastor at St. Luke's Church, Oklahoma City.

Abemathy was prominent in civic affairs. In 1910 at Guthrie he organized the first Boy Scout troop in the state, and the Boy Scouts of America gave him the Silver Beaver award. He was one of the first ministers to become active in the work of Alcoholics Anonymous as a counsel- or. He was a life-long Mason serving the Lodge in almost every capacity, including Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the State of Oklahoma, Deputy Inspector Gen- eral of the Scottish Rite, 33rd Degree Mason, and Chap- lain of India Temple of the Shrine.

Abemathy died December 31, 1957.

Clegg and Oden, Oklahoma. 1968.

Minutes of the Oklahoma Annual Conf., 1958, p. 168.

OscAH L. Fontaine

ABERNETHY, GEORGE (1807-1877), pioneer settler and govemor of the Oregon territory, was bom in New York Crry, October 7, 1807. For some years he was an account- ant in that city, where he married Anne Cope on January 21, 1830.

In 1840 Jason Lee invited him to take over the financial management of the Oregon Mission. He sailed with Lee and his party aboard the Lausanne, arriving in Oregon June 1, 1840, after a voyage that took them around the Horn.

This group of settlers cultivated land, opened an acad- emy, and built a mill. Abemethy's warehouse in Oregon City was the territory's first brick structure. He bought a press and helped to establish Oregon's first newspaper.

Abemethy was well hked and trusted by business rivals and by those who otherwise were distrustful of missionary influence in public affairs. This popularity made him the natural compromise for govemor of the provisional gov- ernment in 1845 when a deadlock arose. He was re-elected in 1847.

A major event in Abemethy's administration was the Whitman massacre at Waiilatpu and the war carried out against the Cayuses who had committed the offense. Abemethy's handling of this action and his work to shake Congress out of its apathetic attitude toward Oregon won him wide approval. Oregon became a Territory in 1849.

After the secular department of the Oregon Mission was closed, Abemethy engaged in private business as a merchant. He was the first Oregon merchant to establish credit in New York. George Abemethy and Company, established in 1850, was the first wholesale house in the Territory. He built lumber mills, flour mills, operated numerous sailing vessels, and carried on trade with Ha- wah, California ports, and ports on the Adantic coast. Financial reverses and a flash flood on the Willamette which swept away his store and mills forced him into bankmptcy in 1861.

Abemethy operated a wholesale business in his later

years in Portland. He was elected as Oregon's first lay delegate to the General Conference of the M. E. Church held in Brooklyn, N. Y. in 1872.

He died May 2, 1877, and is buried in Portland.

M. Simpson, Cyclopaedia. 1878.

Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896.

Chicago: A. N. Marquis Co., 1963. Erle Howell

ABERNETHY, THOMAS SMITH (1803-1882), one of the five preachers who helped organize the Alabama Con- ference of the M. E. Church in 1832. His father was Henry Abemethy, who with his wife, Rebecca Firth, moved to Giles Co., Tenn. in 1812, where young Tom Abemethy joined the church in 1819. In 1823 he joined the Tennessee Conference, and was immediately trans- ferred to the Mississippi Conference and appointed to Marion Circuit in Ala. He served also Chickasawhay, Claiborne, Marengo, Prairie Creek, Greensboro and Erie Circuits and was a charter member of the Alabama Con- ference. In that Conference he served Black Warrior Circuit, Marion and Selma — he is said to have preached the first sermon ever preached in Selma — Marengo, Flat- woods, Poet Oak, Sumterville, Belmont, Uniontown, Lower Peachtree, Dayton Colored Mission, Spring Hill and Linden Circuits.

Thomas Abemethy was married three times — to Martha W. Lucy in 1827; to Eleanor L. Lucy in 1842; and to Ellen CoUins Lordin in 1851. He left seven children by his first wife and three by his second, and his descen- dants have continued to give character and importance to many places and situations in Ala. Thomas Smith Aber- nethy, Jr., the son of his first wife, joined the Alabama Conference in 1854, and after serving in several stations, including Pensacola, died in 1871.

Thomas Abemethy died April 13, 1882 at Dayton, Ala., where he is buried under a monument which gives the essential dates of his life.

Greene County Democrat, Eutaw, Ala., Mar. 24, 1955. J. G. Jones, Mississippi Conference. 1887, 1908. M. E. Lazenby, Alabama and West Florida. 1960. Our Southern Home, Livingston, Ala., Mar. 10, 1955.

F. S. MOSELEY

ABILENE, TEXAS, U.S.A. The first Methodist church orga- nized in Taylor County, Tex. was at Buffalo Gap in 1877, a year before the county was organized with Buffalo Gap as the county seat. In 1881 a church was organized in the new town of Abilene, and two years later the county headquarters were moved there.

First Church has had an illustrious history, and is still a strong church with almost a thousand members, and church property valued at over $800,000. Three men who serve as pastors in the early days of this church became bishops of the M. E. Church, South. They were Sam R. Hay, Edwin D. Mouzon, and H. A. Boaz.

St. Paul Church had a unique beginning. In February, 1909, at the close of a revival meeting held by the famous evangelist, Abe Mulkey, a collection was taken to build a new edifice for First Church. Soon it was decided that instead they would start a new church organization and use the money for the new project. So St. Paul Church was bom with 250 members and a $35,000 church build- ing. J. T. Hicks was the first pastor. For the past 60 years St. Paul has enjoyed a steady growth with a number of the outstanding leaders of the conference serving as pas-

ABINGDON PRESS

tors, and many of the distinguished men and women of the city and the conference counted among its lay leader- ship. In 1968 this church reported a membership of 2,324, a church school enrollment of 1,660, a church structure valued at over $1,400,000, and parsonage property' worth $58,000.

In 1968 there were 12 Methodist churches in Abilene with 7,407 members, and property valued at about $3,900,000.

McMuBHY College was established at Abilene in 1923 under the leadership of J. \V. Hunt, pastor of St. Paul Church. He served as the first president of the college. In 1968 the school had assets of more than $9,000,000. The members of St. Paul have spearheaded every move- ment for the growth and development of the college.

J. O. Haymes, Northwest Texas Conference. 1962.

J. O. Haymes

ABINGDON PRESS, the trade name under which the Publishing House of The United Methodist Church pub- lishes religious books — not simply for United Methodists but for a wide Christian constituency. This name was first adopted by the Methodist Book Concern of the M. E. Church in 1915. In 1923 Cokesbuhy Press was set up as the book publishing department of the Publishing House of the M. E. Church, South in N.\shville, Tenn. At church union in 1939, when the publishing and sales operations of the uniting Churches became The Methodist Pubhshing House, the name Abingdon-Cokesbury was taken as a trade name for book publishing of that House, and it was used for fifteen years. In 1954 the Board of Publication of The Methodist Church, upon recommenda- tion of the Publisher, went back to the single name Abing- don for the book press, and took the name Cokesbury to denominate the official Methodist book stores over the country. The Book Editor of The Methodist Church has always been the editor of the respective book presses of the Publishing House, and is editor now of the Abingdon Press.

Abingdon Press handles the publishing of many official United Methodist resources. In recent years it has issued such publications as The Interpreter's Bible and The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. Annually it pubHshes over one hundred books. In 1969 it received the John Barnes Publisher of the Year Award, the first time a church-owned press had been so honored.

N. B.H.

ABSTINENCE. (See Ethical Traditions, Am; and Tem- perance Movement in England. )

ACADEMIES. (See Education in the United States.)

ACUFF, FRANCIS (1770-1795), American preacher and son of Timothy Acuff, was bom in Culpepper County, Va., and was reared in Sullivan County, Tenn., where his family moved in 1773.

As a young man, Acuff showed early signs of great promise of leadership and ability, and was admitted to the conference in 1793. He served the Greenbrier and Hol- ston Circuits, then went to Kentucky where he died near Danville just three months after his appointment to the circuit. He died in August, 1795.

On May 1, 1796, Francis Asbury visited Acuff

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

Chapel and found "the family sorrowing and weeping on the death of Francis Acuff, who from a fiddler became a Christian; from a Christian, a preacher; and from a preacher, I trust, a glorified saint."

F. Asbury, Journal and Letters. 1958. R. N. Price, Holston. 1903-13.

Elmeh T. Clark

ACUFF, TIMOTHY (1732-1823), American pioneer, was bom in Virginia. In 1773 he moved westward with his family and secured land by homestead in Sullivan Co., Tenn., which was then a part of North Carolina. In 1785 he secured a grant of additional land for his service in the Revolutionary War.

He built Acuff Chapel, the first Methodist meeting house in Tennessee. It was a school as well as a church. At that time the nearest church was Page's Meeting House one hundred miles away, and the only other school within a 100-mile radius was one conducted by Samuel Doak at Washington. Timothy Acuff's son, Francis, be- came a Methodist preacher.

Bishop Francis Asbury preached at AcuflF Chapel more frequently than at any other place in the Holston country.

Acuff died in 1823 and was buried in the chapel grave- yard.

F. Asbury, Journal and Letters. 1958.

Clyde Enoch Lundy. Holston Horizons. Bristol, Tenn.-Va.:

Holston Conference Inter-Board Council, The Methodist

Church, 1947,

I. P. Martin, Holston. 1945.

R. N. Price, Holston. 1903-13. L. W. Pierce

Acuff CuAPt

ACUFF CHAPEL, the first Methodist meetinghouse in Ten- nessee, was erected in 1786. In 1785 a Methodist class, composed chiefly of emigrants from Virginlv, was orga- nized in Sullivan County near where Blountville now stands. The chapel was built on land given by Timothy

WORLD METHODISM

and Anna Leigh Acuff. Micajah Adams assisted Acuff in planning for the building. Francis Asbuby preached at Acuff Chapel several times, as did a number of other Methodist pioneers. For a time the chapel was also used as a school. Timothy Acuff and his wife, along with numer- ous other early settlers of the area, are buried in the ceme- tery adjacent to Acuff Chapel. The successor to the Acuff Chapel congregation was Adams Chapel, which was built in 1887. Acuff Chapel was sold, moved from its original site, and used for a dwelling for a number of years. In 1962 the HoLSTON Conference Historical Society pur- chased the building and moved it back to its first loca- tion. It has been completely restored and was designated as a national Methodist historic Shbine by the 1964 General Conference. A road marker has been erected beside Highway 126, noting the Chapel's history and its present location.

R. N. Price, Hohton. 1903-13.

Louise L. Queen

ACWORTH, GEORGIA, U.S.A. Acworth Methodist Church is an historic church in Cobb County, north Geobcia, organized in 1858. It may be the only church in America built on land requiring an Act of Congress to se- cure. Now in its third building, it is situated on a bluff overlooking Acworth and Allatoona Lakes.

The site belonged to the United States Government and was included in a fifty-year Master Plan for recre- ation. At the urging of Mr. and Mrs. Ray Harrison it was sought as the site for the Acworth church's relocation. W. A. "Pete" Roton, chairman of the Official Board, and many others worked to get Congressional action trans- ferring 7.4 acres to the church, the bill being signed by President Eisenhower in September, 1957.

On his March to the Sea, General W. T. Sherman stopped in Acworth on June 4-9, 1864, ordering every church to be destroyed except the Methodist, then being used for a hospital. It is said that the real deciding factor was the Masonic Hall then on the second floor of the church building, and Sherman, it is alleged, favored the Masons.

For many years Acworth was on a circuit, becoming a full-Hme charge in 1957.

OuiDA Wade Roton

ADAM, THOMAS (1701-84), British Anglican, rector of Winteringham, Lincolnshire, was one of the fathers of Anglican Evangelicalism and a close friend and corre- spondent of Samuel Walker. Adam's Private Thoughts on Religion, posthumously pubHshed (1786), impressed such intellectuals as Samuel Taylor Coleridge and John Stuart Mill. In 1755 Adam was consulted by John Wes- ley, on Walker's advice, about separation of the Meth- odists from the Church of England, and strongly urged against it.

A. Westoby, Memoir. 1837. A. Skevington Wood

ADAMS, CHARLES VAN NESS (1885-1970), banker and churchman, was born Aug. 11, 1885 at Port Royal, Pa., the son of Furman and Sarah (Van Ness) Adams. His father was a preacher in the Central Pennsylvanla. Con- ference. Young Adams was educated at the school which is now Lycoming College. Later he served as a member of its board. Entering the field of banking, he was presi-

ADAMS, FRED WINSLOW

dent of the First National Bank, Montoursville, Pennsyl- vania, 1920-65, and then became chairman of the board of directors.

An active churchman, Adams was church school super- intendent at Montoursville for 31 years. He became a lay member of the Central Pennsylvania Conference in 1940 and for 12 years was conference lay leader. He served 10 years as chairman of the conference board of educa- tion. He was a delegate to 10 General Conferences, 1928- 64, and the 1939 Uniting Conference. Elected a member of the General Board of Missions in 1936, he served continuously until 1964. During that period he was chair- man of the board's finance committee for 24 years, trea- surer four years, and vice-president of the world division 16 years. On retiring in 1965, he made his home in Williamsport, Pa. He died there Aug. 7, 1970.

Who's Who in The Methodist Church, 1966. Williamsport Sun-Gazette, August 12, 1965.

Charles F. Berkheimer

ADAMS, FRED WINSLOW (1866-1945), minister and authority on liturgy, was born in Belfast, Me., Aug. 31, 1866, the son of True Page and Dorcas Ellen (Winslow) Adams. His father was a member of the East Maine Conference. Fred attended Boston University three years, Harvard one year, and Yale Divinity School one year. Syracuse University awarded him the honorary b.D. degree in 1905. He married Harriet Heath, June 11, 1901, and they had two sons.

Admitted on trial in the New York East Conference in 1896, Adams served churches in Brooklyn, Yalesville, and New Haven. In 1902, he transferred to the Troy Conference where he was appointed to First Church, Schenectady, for the next 13 years. Going to the New York Conference in 1915, he was pastor of St. Andrew's Church, New York City, for one year, and then had two years as superintendent of the New York District. In 1918 he went to Trinity Church, Springfield, Mass., where during a 12-year pastorate, he led in building the magnificent edifice for which that church is still known. The Ecumenical Methodist Conference met there in 1947.

Adams was professor of Liturgies at Boston Univer- sity School of Theology, 1930-37. Fond of liturgy, he was able to express and incorporate his views in the church he planned and built at Springfield. Beginning in 1936, he served several years on the commission on worship of the Federal Council of Churches. For a short time before his death he was a member of the com- mission on worship of The Methodist Church where he emphatically expressed views which his compeers called the "High Church Methodist tradition." He claimed that every true liturgical prayer should have a series of ele- ments which he carefully outlined. He was known and was in demand for two lectures: "Mark Twain and other Marks," and "James Whitcomb Riley, Prince of Hoosiers and Prophet of Cheer." Small of stature, positive in thought, and dynamic in speech, Adams exerted consid- erable influence in the general church. He died in Cam- bridge, Mass., May 21, 1945.

General Minutes, ME.

Minutes of the New England Conference, 1946.

C. F. Price, Who's Who in American Methodism. 1916.

N. B. H.

47

ADAMS. JOHN

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

ADAMS, JOHN (1791-1850). American preacher and re- vivalist, was boni in Newington, N.H., Feb. 14, 1791. His parents were Jolin and Abigail Coleman Adams. Like the two United States presidents named John Adams, his ancestry may be traced to Henry Adams, who came from Es.se.x, Eng., in 1635.

As a young shoemaker of 17, Adams was moved by a sermon delivered by George Pickering, the first Meth- odist lie had ever seen. Continuing under .Methodist preaching he was converted on June 23, 1810, and short- ly tliereafter united with the church and was appointed a class leader.

In 1812 he joined the New England Conference. During his ministry he was stationed at widely scattered points, primarily in Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Even when stationed he traveled widely, both in America and abroad, conducting revivals, speak- ing at camp meetings, and doing the work of an evange- list, often receiving from 100 to 300 people into his churches within a short time.

Becau.se of his effectiveness as a revivalist and because "reformation" was his primary theme, he was known among his contemporaries as "Reformation John Adams."

He died September 30, 1850 at Newmarket, N. H.

J. Mudge, New England Conference. 1910. Ernest R. Case

ADAMS FAMILY, THE, of Virginia, has left a record of distinguished service. Ann Adams, wife of Colonel Wil- liam Adams, was converted in a Metliodist revival in 1773, and soon won her husband and ten children to the faith.

"Church Hill," the Adams home, located near the Falls Anglican Church in Fairfax Co., was built in 1750. Torn down in 1964, woodwork from the house has been in- corporated in "the Methodist (headquarters) Building" of Northern Virginia, and in the Wesley Foundation Chapel at the University of Virginia. A Methodist class was formed at "Church Hill" in 1774 and continued to meet there until 1778. This society became Fairfax Chap- el, and it has two modem-day descendants: Dulin and Crossman Churches at Falls Church. The work at Ale.x- andria was an outgrowth of the Adams class, and Trinity Church, Alexandria, began with a part of the original congregation.

Ann (Lawyer) Adams was born in Stafford Co. in 1732. Her husband, also bom in Stafford Co. Nov. 3, 1723, was from a family which settled as early as 1677 near what became the town of Falls Church. He became county sheriff Nov. 23, 1768. In early life he was an Anglican and was active in and attended the Falls Church. George Washington's Ledger shows that in 1770 he paid one pound to Adams as his subscription toward decorating the Falls Church. "Church Hill" adjoined land owned by Washington, and his Diary refers to surveying with Col- onel Adams on April 4, 1799.

"Church Hill" was the congenial home of Bishop As- BUHY on numerous occasions. His Journal for Sat., May 12, 1781, says.

Reached Mr. Adams's about eight o'clock at night: I always come to this house weary, but generally get my body and soul refreshed.

Colonel Adams died Sept. 4, 1809. Following Meth- odist practice at that time, he by his will gave freedom to more than twenty slaves.

The ten children born to William and Ann Adams were prominent in Methodist circles. Simon Adams served in the Revolutionary War and settled near Lexington, Ken- tucky, in 1786. He was active in spreading Methodism in that state. While returning from a visit to Virginia, he was robbed and murdered near Pineville, Kentucky, in December 1809.

William Adams, son of Simon and Catherine (Wren) Adams, was born in Fairfax Co., Va., June 29, 1785. He was "piously educated, . . . joined the church at an early age, and in 1813 commenced preaching." In 1814 he joined the tiaveling connection and continued effective until his death in Shelby Co., Ky., in Aug., 1835. He served many years as secretary of the Kentucky Conference. He was married in 1803 to Ann Standiford, and their daughter, Frances, became the bride of Methodist preach- er, William Gunn (1797-1853).

The second "Church Hill" son, William Adams, Jr., died unmarried Dec. 3, 1779, after a brief useful life in the ministry.

The third son, Samuel Adams, died Aug. 7, 1805 after an effective life as a preacher. By his will he gave free- dom to his slaves, and he donated "fifty pounds ... to the building of Methodist meeting houses."

The fourth son, Wesley Adams, was a pioneer preacher in Georgia and Florida. He married three times and had 13 children. One daughter, Elizabeth, married Rich- ard Tydings, a preacher. Charles Darius Adams, a grand- son of Wesley Adams, was a Methodist preacher. He died in Pooler, Ga'., Dec. 6, 1923.

The fifth "Church Hill" son, John Adams, died at 70 years of age in Dec, 1839, at Leesburg. He was a class leader in the Old Stone Church at Leesburg, and was buried in the church yard.

The sixth son, Edward Adams, was a class leader in Loudoun Co.

Sarah Adams, a daughter of "Church Hill," was mar- ried June 6, 1778, to William Watters, first native- born American Methodist itinerant. She died Oct. 29, 1845, leaving an extensive estate. By her will she freed her slaves.

Ann, another daughter of "Church Hill," married Col- onel George Minor of "Minor's Hill," Fairfax Co. Minor was converted to Methodism and contributed the land for Fairfax Chapel at Falls Church. All of the Minor descendants were prominent in Methodist circles.

Susannah, or Sukey, Adams was bom in 1766 at "Church Hill." In 1782 she married Captain Lewis Hip- kins. After his death in 1794 she married Richard Wren, and their son, Thomas Sanford Wren, became prominent in Methodism — as are many of the Wren family descen- dants.

The tenth child of "Church Hill," Margaret Adams, married John Childs, a Methodist preacher. Licensed to preach in 1789, he located, was re-admitted to the travel- ing connection in 1816, located again in 1823, and then returned to the active work in 1827. John and Margaret Childs had eight children, including Mary Y. Childs who married John R. Wren. One son, John Wesley Childs (1800-1850), entered the Methodist ministry April 29, 1826. He was married in 1834 by John Early, later bishop, to Martha Binns Susannah Rives. Early was a brother-in-law to Margaret Childs. J. Rives Childs, author and foreign service officer, is a grandson of John Wesley Childs.

Frances Ann Cooksey, daughter of Samuel and Jemima

WORLD METHODISM

(Dame) Adams, married Alexander Gustavus BrovvTi ( 1833-1900), who served in the itinerancy and as financial secretary of Randolph-Macon College.

Raymond F. Wrenn, executive secretary of the North- ern Virginia Methodist Board of Missions, is a descendant of James and Anne (Adams) Wren.

F. Asbury, Journal and Letters. 1958.

J. Rives Childs, Reliques of the Rives. Lynchburg, Va.: J. P. BeU Co., 1929.

County Court Record, 1768-1770, Fairfax County, Va., p. 67.

Melvin L. Steadman, Jr., Falls Church: By Fence and Fire- side. Falls Church, Va.: Public Library, 1964, pp. 92-109, 221-239. W. Walters, Short Account. 1806.

Melvin L. Steadman, Jr.

AODICKS, GEORGE D. (1854-1910), German-American minister and educator, was bom at Hampton, 111., Sept. 9, 1854. He received a B.A. from Central Wesleyan College, VVarrenton, Mo., in 1875 and an M.A. in 1886. Following his graduation he taught one year in the prepa- ratory department of Central Wesleyan and then attended Garrett Biblical Institute, 1876-77. Admitted to the St. Louis German Annual Conference of the M. E. Church, he became professor of German of the Mount Pleasant German College and Iowa Wesleyan College until 1885 when he accepted a pastorate at Pekin, 111. for five years. In 1890 he was appointed professor of Prac- tical Theology at Central Wesleyan College, and in 1895 he became president. He died in office on Jan. 31, 1910. During his presidency, the faculty and student body were expanded, new buildings erected, and Mount Pleasant German College absorbed. He was a delegate to the Gen- eral Conferences of 1900, 1904 and 1908, and was a mem- ber of the University Senate of the M. E. Church. German Wallace College, Berea, O., granted him an honorary D.D. in 1898.

Minutes of the St. Louis German Conference, 1878-1911. Commemorative Volume of the 50th Anniversary of Central Wesleyan College 1864-1914. The Pulse, 1906. Central Wesleyan College Yearbook.

Louis A. Haselmayer

ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA, is the capital of South AustraUa. Known as the City of Churches, Adelaide is the business center for the pastoral and industrial interests of South Australia. Historically, the strength of Methodism in Ade- laide has always been considerable and due, in no small measure, to the enthusiastic witness of pioneer Methodist ministers and laymen. Adelaide is the metropohs of the South Austrahan Conference.

The Central Methodist Mission, Frankhn St., Adelaide, S. Aust., is one of the major centers of urban work with the Australian church. It is also known locally as "Maughan," James Maughan being the first Methodist New Connexion minister in the state and the founder of the Mission's original congregation in 1863. In 1888 the New Cormexion Methodists merged with the Bible Christians, the Franklin St. church becoming the major church of the latter denomination.

The Central Mission proper was established as the 'West Adelaide Methodist Mission" at the first conference following Methodist union in 1900. Its beginnings owed much to the "Forward Movement" in British Methodism.

ADEUIDE, AUSTRALIA

Central Mission, Adelaide, Australia

The Mission's advocates behaved that the work of Hugh Price Hughes and others in the Central Missions of the mother church provided a pattern which could be suc- cessfully followed in South Austraha. For years the Mis- sion's work was hampered by long-standing debts and it was not until the ministry of W. H. Cann that the finances were put on a sound footing and the institutional outreach of the Mission grew. Further growth took place under Cann's successor, Samuel Forsyth, O.B.E.

The Mission stands at the center of a network of in- stitutions and services — Aldersgate Village (Homes for the Aged), "Lentara" Children's Homes, Kuipto Colony (a men's rural rehabilitation center). Goodwill Store, and Lifeline Counselling Centre. The Mission is the major shareholder in a commercial radio station and its "Pleasant Sunday Afternoon" and evening service are broadcast each week.

In 1965 all buildings on the Frankhn St. site were demohshed and a new Mission Center with church, chap- els, halls and various ancillary facilities were erected, at a cost of one million dollars.

During the ministry of A. Erwin Vogt, L.Th., in 1949, there has not only been considerable development in the Central Mission complex but both state and federal gov- ernments look upon the Mission's social institutions as models for all agencies to emulate.

Kate Cocks Babies' Home in the Adelaide suburb of Brighton is an institution maintained by the South Aus- trahan Conference for the care of unmarried mothers and the provision of facihties for the adoption of their chil- dren. It had its origins in the concern of Miss Kate Cocks, M.B.E., the first head of Women Pohce in the state, who in the 1930's began to care for pregnant girls in her own home. The interest of the church eventually led to the establishment in 1937 of the present institution in what had earUer been the Brighton Training Home (Bible College conducted by W. G. Torr, a Bible Chris- tian schoolteacher) and later Brighton College. Its orig- inal name was "Methodist Home for Babies and Unmar- ried Mothers."

Miss Kate Cocks was herself in charge of the work from 1935 until her retirement in 1950. It is estimated that over 3,500 children have passed through the Home since its inception. It is administered by the Conference Wom- en's Welfare Department, located on Wattle St., Brigh-

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

toil, S. Aust. Deaconess P. Bonython has been the super- intendent since 1957.

Lincoln College, an incorporated body associated with the South Austraha Conference, is to be distinguished from Wesley. Lincoln, opened in 1952, is the church's resi- dential college within the University of Adelaide. The Master, W. F. Hambly, was President General from 1963-1966.

Pirle Street Methodist Church in the heart of the city of Adelaide is the "descendant" of the first Methodist con- gregation to meet in South Australia. Sometimes teimed "the cathedral church," it was established on its present site in 1851. For half a century it was the major Wesleyan church and the parent congregation of many churches in the suburbs and country. The inaugural service of united Methodism took place at Pirie Street on Aug. 14, 1899, and the church has been the scene of many Annual and General Conferences. Numerous distinguished preachers from overseas have occupied its pulpit. Pirie Street has long had a reputation for its fine choral work and for its contribution to church music in South Austraha.

Some of the names which stand out on its roll of min- isters are those of D.^niel J. Draper, John C. Symons, William Butters, Henhy Howard, John G. Jenkin, and W. Frank Hambly.

Under the leadership of Trevor Byard, appointed in 1965, Pirie Street Church has entered into union with the historic Stow Congregational Church, forming the "Union Church of the City," as of June 1, 1969.

Prince Alfred College in the Adelaide suburb of Kent Town is a Methodist boys' school providing education and accomodation (for a limited number), from first grade to the matriculation (pre-University) level. In the early years of the Colony of South Australia the Meth- odist Church conducted several day schools in city and country centers. With the devek)pment of the State edu- cational system these declined and were closed. How- ever, the desire for a boys' school under Methodist auspices persisted, an early resolution giving as the pur- pose of such an institution "the education of our sons and the training of candidates for the ministry."

The foundation stone of the College was laid by Prince Alfred, the Duke of Edinburgh, on Nov. 5, 1867, and classes commenced two years later. In 1902 Way College, a Bible Christian Boys' College, was closed and many of the students and staff transferred to Prince Alfred Col- lege. A sister school, Methodist Ladies' College, took over the Way College property in 1903. The College is now an incorporated body.

Wesley Theological College, Wayville, was establi.shed in 1927 with the Rev. Frank Lade as tlie first principal. Prior to the setting up of this institution, students for the ministry had been trained at a college at Brighton and earlier at Prince Alfred College.

As with all Methodist theological institutions in Aus- tralia, Wesley College receives for training candidates accepted by the annual conference. Matriculated students undertake work at the University of Adelaide and con- currently study for diploma or degree examinations set by the Melbourne College of Divinity. A joint lecturing pro- gram brings together the faculty and students of three seminaries — Wesley (Methodist), Parkin (Congregation- al), and the Baptist College.

Incorporated with Wesley College is the Chapman Alexander Bible Institute. This was established as a lay training center in 1914 through the generosity of .some

Methodist laymen as a result of the impact of the Chap- man-Alexander Evangelistic Missions of 1909 and 1912. In 1927 the Institute was handed over to the South Australian Conference which now undertakes respon- sibility for carrying out the founders' intentions. Evening classes offer a variety of courses to interested laymen.

(For die further history of work in and around Ade- laide, see South Australia Conference.)

Australian Editorial Committee

ADEN, FRED (1890-1965), American missionary educator in Argentina and for thirty-five years director of Colegio Ward in Buenos Aires. He was born in Garrison, Neb., LI.S.A., and attended Nebraska Wesleyan University and the University of Southern California, where he re- ceived the A.B. and M.A. degrees.

Aden married Meda Pettet in June, 1916, and in Jan., 1918 they went to Buenos Aires, where he became a teacher at Colegio Ward. He became director in 1920, continuing until his retirement in 1955.

He received a doctorate in pedology from the Univer- sity of Southern California in 1931 and a doctorate in laws from Occidental College in 1946. In 1954 the Amer- icas Foundation gave him the "Americas Award" in recog- nition of "his lifetime devotion to inter-American accord as director and head of Ward College."

From their retirement home in Stockton, Calif., the Adens returned in 1963 for the golden anniversary of Colegio Ward and the inauguration of "Aden Center," a group of four buildings — hbrary, science hall, lecture hall, and chapel. A bronze bust of Aden by Fioravanti has been placed in the reception hall of Aden Center near the chapel.

A. G. Tallon, Rio de la Plata. 1936.

Pearl S. Sweet

ADKINS, LEON McKINLEY (1896- ), American min-

ister, church official, and General Secretary of the Divi- sion of the Local Church of the Board of Education, The Methodist Church, for nearly three quadrennia, was born at Ticonderoga, New York, July 14, 1896.

Adkins joined the Troy Conference on trial in 1921, and after sei-ving three appointments of his Conference, he became pastor of tlie large First Church, Schenectady, New York, 1937-50, and University Church, Syracuse, 1950-55. He was elected to the Northeastern Jurisdic- tional Conferences of 1940, 1944, 1948, and the General Conference of 1948. He was a member of the General Board of Education of The Methodist Church from 1940 to 1955, when he was elected General Secretary of its Division of the Local Church. In this capacity he served on many important church commissions including the International Council of Religious Education and the Gen- eral Board of the National Council of Churches. He was a trustee of Green Mountain College, Poultney, Vermont, 1940-60; Syracuse University, 1952-56; Paine College, and Scarritt College. During the first World War he served as second Lieutenant of Infantry in the United States Army. Dr. Adkins is the author of the hymn, "Go, Make of All Disciples," in The Methodist Hymnal of 1964.

After retirement in 1966, he continued to reside in Nashville, Tennessee.

Who's Who in America, 1966-67.

Who's Who in The Methodist Church, 1966. N. B. H.

WORLD METHODISM

ADMINISTRATION, BOARD OF (U.B.). (See Evangeli- cal United Brethren Church — General Council of Administration.)

AMINISTRATIVE BOARD. (See Official Board.)

ADRIAN, MICHIGAN, U.S.A., is a small city in the southeastern part of the state and a Methodist center. In the summer of 1830, Adrian was made a preaching point on a large wilderness circuit, and a society of five members was organized.

In 1837, following the building of the first railroad of the area from Toledo to Adrian, Adrian became a station. The first church was begun in 1838. It was a thick-walled brick church which stood until 1965 — during its last cen- tury a Disciples of Christ church. By 1842 the Adrian church had 350 members and was for some years the largest church in Michigan. Methodist growth had been so rapid that in the summer of 1851 a second church was organized, but this was given up in 1858. In 1863-64 a large new brick church was built on Broad St., which was used for 98 years.

In 1854 the Adrian District was organized with Elijah H. Pilcher as presiding elder. In 1856 the Detroit Con- ference was organized in Adrian. The Michigan Con- ference had previously met here in 1842 and 1849. The Detroit Conference has met in Adrian repeatedly through the years— in 1864, 1877, 1886, 1904, 1921, 1939, 1956, and 1961-66.

In 1859 a college was moved to Adrian from Leoni under the Wesleyan Methodist banner. In 1866 Adrian College became a Methodist Protestant college. A church called "The First Methodist Church" was organized at the college on April 14, 1867 — a small group supported by college people until 1879, who never possessed a build- ing. In the I870's the Congregational church in Adrian fell upon evil days, and in 1879 it became the Plymouth Methodist Protestant Church. This church was supported by people related to the college and home mission funds of its denomination. In 1939 the Plymouth Church was merged with the First Church.

James V. Watson published in Adrian a monthly re- ligious paper, The Family Favorite, in 1849-50, and then an early Michigan Christian Advocate (which see), be- fore he went on to the editorship of the Northwestern Christian Advocate in Chicago. The Adrian District Methodist, a monthly paper, was begun at Adrian in October 1873 by Orrin Whitmore, presiding elder. In Jan., 1874 this paper became the Michigan Christian Advocate and continues to this day.

A Uniting Conference, bringing together the M. E. and M. P. churches of Michigan, was held at Adrian in 1939.

The Adrian church erected a new building near the college in 1961-62 at a cost of about $800,000. Church membership has been increasing in recent years and in 1969 stood at nearly 1,300. The Detroit Annual Con- ference usually meets at Adrian College, with First Church sharing the responsibilities of host.

Minutes of the Michigan and Detroit Annual Conferences. E. H. Pilcher, Michigan. 1878. Ronald A. Brunger

ADRIAN COLLEGE, Adrian, Michigan, chartered in 1859, traces its origin to the Wesleyan Theological Institute

ADVANCE FOR CHRIST AND HIS CHURCH

founded in 1845 by the Wesleyan Methodist Church. The college was transferred to the Methodist Protes- tant Church in 1868 and continued under these auspices until Unification in 1939. After this union the college was successfully integrated into the educational program of The Methodist Church in Michigan. The phenomenal growth of the college is reflected in a comparison of the value of holdings in physical plant and endowment: In 1939 its properties were worth $489,795; in 1966 the total value was $11,402,169. It grants the A.B. and B.S. degrees. The governing board consists of twenty-seven trustees elected by Detroit and Michigan Annual Con- ferences.

John O. Gross

ADRIANCE, JACOB (1835-1922), American preacher and western pioneer, was born Oct. 22, 1835 in Aurelius, Cayuga Co., N. Y. He was converted at age sixteen and almost from the first felt that he was destined to preach. He attended Wilson Collegiate Institute.

In 1857 Adriance moved to Nebraska, settling in De- Sota. He was received on trial in the Kansas-Nebraska Conference in 1858 and moved to Fremont, where he assumed charge of the Platte Valley Ciicuit, which had twelve points to visit over a 300-mile route and took a month to cover.

In 1859 he transferred to Pikes Peak, accompanying Presiding Elder William H. Goode to the Cherry Creek Mission. Together they became the founders of Meth- odism in Colorado. He and Goode founded the first Methodist organization at historic Central City. Later he helped start congregations in Golden, Denver, and Boul- der. The Denver church became the famed Trinity Church. His great energy and determination won him great respect, even among the hard-bitten gold miners who had swarmed into Colorado. He ogranized the first Sunday school in the state. It was a union school with all groups cooperating in it. He was appointed chaplain to the lower house of the Colorado legislature as the Terri- tory's provisional government was formed.

In 1860 Adriance returned to New York, where he married Fannie A. Rogers. They went back to Colorado that same year, and she frequently accompanied her hus- band on his circuit visits.

In 1862 he went to Nebraska where he located until being readmitted into the conference in 1864. He served several large circuits until deafness forced him to give up his church work.

Adriance kept a meticulous diary of his work in the mining area, and this has become a valued source of early Methodist history there.

He died Dec. 18, 1922 at Fremont, Neb.

W. H. Goode, Outposts of Zion. 1963

Kenneth Metcalf, The Beginnings of Methodism in Colorado.

( Unpublished dissertation, Iliff School of Theology, 1948. )

Lowell B. Swan

ADVANCE FOR CHRIST AND HIS CHURCH. Under this name a formal quadrennial program of The Methodist Church, U.S.A., was carried on for the four years from 1948 to 1952. In a sense this move was a continuation of the Crusade for Christ, which had been a similar emphasis and movement during the previous quadren- nium. The Crusade for Christ had proved highly success-

ADVENT, THE SECOND, AND ADVENTISM

ful, and in order not to lose the momentum of interest which the general church had achieved in world-wide rehabilitation, and especially in funds for missionary and church extension causes, "The Advance," as it was com- monly called, was planned and put on by the General Conference of 1948.

The Board of Missions and the Methodist Com- mittee ON Overseas Relief were the only beneficiaries of the Advance. The annual income from this source to the two agencies exceeded what they had received during the corresponding four years from the Crusade for Christ. There was a Week of Dedication as part of the Advance program, not for the purpose of emphasis, but in order that a special appeal might be made for specific objects as a part of the Advance. Contributions were made by individual churches to specific objects not otherwise pro- vided for in the general program, and securing these specials was made the responsibility of the respective dis- trict superintendents.

Following the close of the period for the Crusade in 1952, its emphasis and appeal was made a regular feature of missionary outreach of The Methodist Church. Thus "mission specials," and the Week of Dedication were made permanent in The Methodist Church.

Crusade Scholarships were a part of the Crusade move- ment, and this has resulted in the bringing in of numerous chosen young people to the United States by Crusade Scholarship funds. These funds have cared for their ex- penses and given them an opportunity to be trained for leadership. The scholarships have also been available for students of the United States.

Bishop CosTEN J. Harrell was general chairman of the Advance Committee, and its executive director was Dr. E, Harold Mohn. The treasurer of World Service, Dr. Thomas B. Lugg, was made treasurer of the Ad- vance. Each Jurisdiction was represented on the Advance Committee, and through the quadrennium, by able pro- motional work and emphasizing the idea of sacrificial givings and Advance Specials, it accomplished much for the church. The formal report of the Advance Committee to the General Conference of 1952 may be consulted for an overall description of its work and accomplishments.

N. B. II.

ADVENT, The Second, and ADVENTISM. The return of Christ to earth to inaugurate the final resurrection, the last judgment and the end of the world has been tradition- ally described as the Second Advent. The expectation of Christ's return has been part of traditional Christian be- lief from New Testament times. It is sometimes described as the Parousia (Greek for "coming" or "presence"), and it would be more correct to call it the final than the second advent, because Christ also returned to earth at his resur- rection and he continues to return in so far as he dwells within men. Although many New Testament Christians expected his final return to take place in the near future, the Church came eventually to accept the belief that it would be long delayed. There have been nmnerous at- tempts to calculate the date of the Second Advent, and those who have made these attempts have usually come to the conclusion that it would happen very soon. But these detailed predictions have not been accepted by the main Christian churches.

The belief in the Second Advent was itself a modifica- tion of the Jewish Messianic hope. Many Jews expected

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

a Messiah to come as the nation's deliverer to inaugurate a new and blessed era; and some forms of this expecta- tion linked his coming with the future judgment and resur- rection. Christians, however, believed that since Jesus was the Messiah, the Messianic age had already begun. But the last judgment and the final resuirection had not taken place, and they expected Jesus to return again to earth for these events.

There has been a great amount of detailed discussion of the New Testament teaching about the Second Advent. Most of the New Testament books contain a reference to it, and Paul expected it to occur in the near future (I Thess. 4:13-18; I Cor. 15:20-57). The argument that he changed his views later in his life is put forward by some scholars but it has not won general acceptance. When a later generation of Christians realized that Jesus was not going to return as soon as the first Christians expected, they began to modify their views (II Pet. 3:1-10), and some scholars claim that this modification was already being made by the writers of the synoptic gospels, especially by Luke. But there is evidence even in these writings that his advent was expected soon (Mark 13:28-37; Luke 21:29-36). The gospel and letters of John contain an emphasis which has greatly appealed to modern interpreters. Although they retain the expectation of Christ's return (John 5:25-29; 6:40, 44, 54; I John 2:18; 3:2), they also affirm that men receive either eter- nal life or judgment in the present, according to their reaction to Christ (John 3:16-21, 36; I John 5:12). The return of Christ, some writers believe, will be preceded by special signs, many of which will be supernatural (Mark 13:1-21; II Thess. 2:1-12; Rev. 6:1-20:10). But in other passages it is asserted that his return will be sudden and unexpected (Matt. 25:13; Mark 13:32; I Thess. 5:2). New Testament writers have disagreed wide- ly about Jesus' own teaching on this subject. According to the gospel writers, he predicted that he himself would return to earth. This is beyond dispute since the gospels not only contain prophecies of the Son of Man's return (e.g. Matt. 24:30; Mark 14:62; Luke 21:27; John 5:25- 29) but they also identify Jesus with the Son of Man (e.g. Mark 8:31 and parallels; John 5:26-27). Many scholars, however, regard the New Testament as un- reliable at this point, some of them denying that Jesus ever prophesied the advent of a Messiah, and others claiming that although he expected the coming of the Son of Man, he did not identify himself with him. Many other scholars contend that the gospels are correct in re- cording that Jesus prophesied his own return.

Scholars have also disagreed about the essential empha- sis of Jesus' teaching on this subject. C. H. Dodd has claimed that Jesus' distinctive message was a realized eschatology, the teaching that the kingdom of God had already come in his own ministry. Dodd agrees that there are predictions about the future in Jesus' teaching, but he claims that the original and distinctive feature of his message is its teaching about the present. Dodd's view has been modified by Joachim Jeremias who speaks of an "eschatology in the process of realization." Rudolf Bult- mann, on the other hand, claims that the distinctive fea- ture of Jesus' teaching is his proclamation of the immi- nence of the kingdom of God and the challenge to decision which accompanies this proclamation. Oscar Culbnann, however, claims that in the teaching of Jesus, as in the rest of the New Testament, there is a tension between present and future eschatology. Jesus proclaims

WORLD METHODISM

ADVENT, THE SECOND, AND ADVENTISM

that the Messianic age has already come with his own ministry but at the same time he proclaims that it will come in its fullness at his Second Advent. Here is a ten- sion between the "already" and the "not yet," which, Cullmann claims, runs right through the New Testament.

Although the interpretation of Jesus' teaching on this subject is highly controversial, there is no doubt that the New Testament writers themselves expected him to re- turn, and that this expectation was one of the main themes of the early Christian message.

A much discussed problem connected with the Second Advent is the interpretation of the millennium (period of a thousand years) mentioned in Rev. 20:1-10. Many early Christians were premillenarians, believing that the Lord would return visible to earth before the millen- nium. By the end of the fourth centur>' this \iew was rejected mainly because of the influence of Origen and Augustine. It has been revived from time to time, especial- ly by mystical groups in the middle ages and by Ana- baptists at the time of the Reformation. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries it has been held by numerous members of the Holiness and Pentecostalist movements as well as by the Plymouth Brethren, the Mormons, the Christadelphians, the Jehovah's Witnesses, the Seventh Day Adventists and other groups. By contrast with the premillenarians Augustine suggested that the whole period during which the earthly church existed was the millennium. This interpretation is postmillennial since it assumed that Christ will not return visibly until after the millennium. Other interpreters feel no need to give an account of the millennium at all, and they argue that since there is no other evidence of millennial teaching in the New Testament, disproportionate emphasis has been given to the one passage in Revelation.

Other problems connected with the Second Advent are whether it will be visible and whether the resurrection which will follow it will be bodily. In connection with the final judgment some theologians have revised the tradi- tional belief in eternal punishment and have argued that ultimately all men will be saved (universalism, a doctrine which was taught as early as the third century by Origen) ; others have argued that while the redeemed will live eternally, the damned will cease to exist (annihilation- ism, or conditional immortality). Another question is whether eternal life will be in time or beyond time. And yet another is whether men will sleep or will have a conscious existence between their physical deaths and the final resurrection. Those who believe in a conscious inter- mediate stage disagree about its nature, some regarding it as a probationary period, and others not.

The Wesleys. The Wesleys fully shared the traditional expectation. Charles Wesley's hymns refer to it, as for example, the hymn "Lo! He comes with clouds descend- ing." John Wesley often speaks of the Second Advent, and he has outlined in considerable detail his beliefs about the future of mankind and the world. He claims that at the moment of an individual's death, when the soul is separated from the body, an intermediate state begins, in which the righteous man enjoys happiness and the condemned man is punished. A man's fate will be con- firmed at the last judgment when all men, women and children will receive a sentence of acquittal or condem- nation which will be final and irrevocable (Works V., pp. 174-180; VI., pp. 381-391, 496-497). He also argues that animals as well as human beings will share in the final redemption (Works VI., pp. 241-252).

In his Notes on the New Testament Wesley, closely following the interpretation of the German scholar Bengel, puts forward a striking but not generally accepted theory about Rev. 20:1-10. He claims that the destruction of the Beast, which he believes to be a future Pope, will occur in A.D. 1836. This event will be followed by two mil- lenniums (periods of a thousand years), the first of which will bring an era of great blessedness when the Church will make remarkable progress. At the end of this first millennium Satan, who has been imprisoned, will be loosed, and the second millennium will begin, during which the saints will reign in heaven and people on earth "will be careless and in.secure." At the end of the second millennium Christ will return visibly to earth in glory, Satan will be thrown into the lake of fire, the final resur- rection and the last judgment will take place, and the new heaven, the new earth, and the new Jenisalem will ap- pear (Notes on the New Testament, pp. 999, 1036-1041, 1051).

This interpretation of Revelation is not an example of premillennialism, the belief that Christ will return to earth before the millennium. Wesley clearly states that the beginning of each millennium will take place in the invisible world and will be unknown to men. Christ will not return visibly until both periods have been completed. This theory has not been generally accepted by Methodists and it is doubtful how much importance Wesley himself attached to it. But he did emphasize the Second Advent, the final resurrection and the last judgment, and he also stressed the importance of the Church's mission to all nations and its future glory on the earth (Works V, pp. 37-52; VI., pp. 277-288).

Methodist Teaching in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. The leading Methodist theologians of the nine- teenth centtiry, including Adam Clarke and W. Burt Pope in Britain and John Miley in America, believed in the visible return of Christ. They rejected premillen- nialism. They taught that there was an intermediate state in which men consciously existed between their deaths and the last judgment, but they did not regard this state as in any way similar to Purgatory. They believed that after the last judgment the redeemed would enjoy ever- lasting happiness and the condemned would suffer ever- lasting punishment. Pope also laid special emphasis on the future glory of the Church on earth, which he believed would be accomplished before the Second Advent. None of them attempted to defend the details of Wesley's ac- count of Rev. 20:1-10, and Clarke stated that the key to the prophecies of the Book of Revelation was not yet known to men, and that much of the book's teaching should be understood as merely symbolical representa- tion.

The great success of the missionary movement and the general social progress of the Western world had its effect on theologians in the closing years of the nineteenth century. The British scholar, J. Agar Beet, for example, whose account of the Second Advent was sufficiently traditional to expect a visible return of Christ, argued that there was so much spiritual progress in the present age that Christ would not return in the near future — ^his coming would take place only in an age of spiritual stagnation. Beet was conservative in his outlook, but other theologians of this and later periods were strongly affected by the tides of liberal thought. Their influence reached its peak in the first thirty years of the twentieth century, and it survived even after the Second World

ADVENT, THE SECOND, AND ADVENTISM

War. These theologians saw the future, not in terms of a spectacular divine intervention, but in terms of the gradual growth of the Kingdom of God on earth. They also believed in the immortality of the individual, and they regarded the ultimate goal as eternal life beyond this world. But they laid great emphasis on the building of a perfect earthly community, in which all men would be obedient to Cod. The Church had a special task to play in the establishment of this community, and the task would extend over a long period of time. They recognized that there could be setbacks in the process of the Kingdom's growth, and some of them admitted that the Kingdom would never be perfectly completed on earth. They all affirmed that God's activity was necessary for the growth and perfecting of the Kingdom, and they discerned his activity in the inspiration of the indwelling Spirit and in the gift of an ideal for which they could work. Among British representatives of this type of thought are John .Scott Lidgett, Arthur Samuel Pe.\ke, and T. F. Clas.son. Among American representa- tives are Bohden P. Bowne, Harris Franklin Ball, and Edwin Lewis.

After the First World War a reaction against liberal theology began and this was evident in Methodist thought about the Second Advent. Indeed before this time tlie American, Olin A. Curtis, was emphasizing that any progress on earth was no more than a preparation for the ultimate goal of the new, eternal and spiritual race in Christ. The American, Albert C. Knudson, although his sympatliy with the new reaction was strictly limited, said that the importance of the earthly ideal ought not to be exaggerated, and that the emphasis .should be put on the social character of the life hereafter. In his later writings Harris Franklin Rail did not speak as confidently of the attainment of the earthly kingdom as he did in his earlier works. Other theologians, while not denying the possibilit)' of progress on earth, refuse to link this ques- tion witli their understanding of the Second Advent. They also emphasize that God and man will inaugurate the final events. Among British Methodists who make this emphasis are H. M. Hughes and John Lawson, and among American Methodists are L. Harold De- Wolf, Mack B. Stokes, and Claude H. Thompson. These writers do not commit themselves to a belief in the visible descent of Christ at his Second Advent, but they claim that the world will end in a manner worthy of its creator, and that the Cod who passes judgment will be a Cod of love. They also believe that God gives men life immediate- ly after death.

The contrast between liberalism and the reaction against it has not been as great in Methodist as in Continental theology, and the distinction between the two groups of scholars is often a very fine one. The main differences are about the relation of the final events to the social and spiritual progress of mankind, and the extent to which human cooperation plays a part in the coming of the Kingdom. The secwnd group is also more ready than tlie first to speak exphcitly of the Second Advent, although it does not claim to know what precise form it will take.

Of the twentieth century writers who have been men- tioned, some teach universaUsm, the belief that all men will ultimately be saved (Lewis), and some believe that after death there will be an intermediate state of prepara- tion (Curtis) or even of remedial punishment or spiritual discipline (Glasson, Hughes, Law.son), but these views

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

are not shared by all of the two groups. Another viewpoint which is certainly not typical of Methodist teaching is that of the British preacher, Leslie D. Weatherhead, who, in addition to affirming a belief in universalism and in a period of discipline after death, argues in favor of rein- carnation.

Since the end of the Second World War, existentialism and demythok)gizing have become central topics of theo- logical discussion, and these influences are reflected in the work of the American theologians Carl Michalson and Schubert Ogden, both of whom reject the expectation of a Second Advent. Michalson claims that Christ has al- ready given new meaning to life because in him God has granted to man the responsibility of ruling the world. Ogden argues that man's final destiny is to be loved by God, as he opens himself in faith to God and as he loves both God and men. This destiny is achieved in this life, and it does not depend on personal survival of death.

While some Methodists have adhered strictly to the traditional expectation of a visible Second Advent, the leading Methodist theologians of the t\ventieth century have all modified the traditional view, although the extent of their modifications has varied greatly. Controversy on this matter has been less heated in Methodism than in some other denominations. The dispute over the Second Advent has been part of the dispute about biblical literal- ism. It was one of the issues in the attack on Borden P. Bowne and H. C. Mitchell in the first decade of the cen- tury, and when Harold Paul Sloan attempted to secure a revision of the American Methodist "Courses of Study," the Second Advent was one of the traditional positions which he was concerned to maintain (1916-1928). The outcome of these controversies was that Methodism al- lowed a great liberty of interpretation with respect to this and related doctrines (see Bible, Authority of).

Another source of division in both the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries has been the spread of premillen- nialism, the belief that Christ will visibly return to earth before the millennium. Although Methodists are far re- moved in outlook from premillennialists such as the Mormons, the Seventh Day Adventists, and the Jehovah's Witnesses, they have a greater spiritual link with the pre- millennialists of the Holiness and Pentecostalist move- ments, chiefly because of the traditional Methodist empha- sis on perfection. Dissatisfied Methodists have played a large part in the development of the Holiness movement, and some of the leaders of twentieth century Pentecosta- lism, like, for example, C. F. Parham in America and T. B. Barratt in Norway, were formerly Methodists. But many of die Methodists in the Holiness movement, like Phineas Bresee of the Church of the Nazarene, did not accept premillenniali.sm. The doctrine has not been popular among practicing Methodist ministers and it has been consistently rejected by leading Methodist theologians. Its pessimistic attitude to human affairs has never been consistent with the typical Methodist ethos, and premil- lennialists have not usually found the Methodist Church to be a congenial spiritual home.

Although the traditional hymns, the liturgies, the creeds, and the doctrinal standards of Methodism include refer- ences to tlie Second Advent, the Final Resurrection and the Last Judgment, Methodism in practice allows great liberty in the interpretation of these doctrines. The tradi- tional presentation of these doctrines needs revision in

WORLD METHODISM

the twentieth century. But in spite of their differences of opinion most twentieth century Methodist theologians have preserved certain characteristics which have always been part of Methodism's heritage. These include a con- fidence in the ultimate triumph of God, a belief in life after death, an awareness of man's accountability before God, an emphasis on the inwardness of religion, and an urgent desire to preach the gospel to all nations and to improve both the material and the spiritual condition of mankind. (See also Resurbection.)

J. Agar Beet, The Last Things, London: Hodder and Stough-

ton, 1898, pp. 87-89.

Borden P. Bowne, Studies in Christianity. Boston: Houghton

Mifflin Co., 1909, pp. ,301-354.

E. T. Clark, Small Sects. 1949.

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