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DUKE UNIVERSITY

DIVINITY SCHOOL LIBRARY

GIFT OF

Duke Divinity School Alumni Association

IN MEMORY OF

Bishop Paul Neff Garber

THIS SET

WAS PRINTED

IN A LIMITED EDITION

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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Duke University Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo01harm

THE

;ncyclopedia

RLD ,THODIS

JOHN WESLEY

painted by John Michael Williams, R.A., in 1742 when

Wesley was in his fortieth year.

(reproduced by permission of Wesley College, Bristol, England, location of the original portrait)

T

NCYCLOPEDIA

DI!

Sponsored by The World Methodist Council

and The Commission on Archives and

History of The United Methodist Church

Bishop of The United Methodist Church, General Editor

JDJQ/\ Kj\JUB>

LOUISE L. QUEEIs

Assistants to the General Editor

VOLUME I

Prepared and edited under the supervision

of The World Methodist Council and The

Commission on Archives and History

Published by The United Methodist Publishing House

All rights in this book are reserved. No part of the book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission of the publishers except brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information address The United Methodist FubUshing House, 201 Eighth Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37202.

ISBN 0-687-11784-4

SET UP,	PRINTED, AND BOUND BV TI	IE PARTH	lENON	PRESS A
NASHVU	-LE, TENNESSEE, UNITED	STATES	OF	AMERICi

BISHOP NOLAN B. HARMON

General Editor

Frank Baker

Robert J. Bull Elmer T. Clark Fred P. Corson

Frank H. Cumbers Maldwyn L. Edwards F. Gerald Ensley Albea Godbold Odd Hagen

Assistant Editor

idr^

John H. S. Kent Frederick E. Maser T. Otto Nall John H. Ness, Jr.

Frederick A. Norwood Louise L. Queen Lee F. Tuttle Walter N. Vernon, Jr.

Assistant Editor

EDITORIAL BOARD 1'^'^"^^

Nolan B. Harmon, a.b., m.a., d.d., l.h.d., litt.d., ll.d. General Editor

Frank Baker, b.a., b.d., ph.d.

Editor-in-Chief, Oxford Edition of Wesley's Works;

Professor of English Church His- tory

The Divinity School, Duke Uni- versity

Durham, North Carolina

Robert J. Bull, b.a., b.d., s.t.m.,

PH.D.

Professor of Church History Drew Theological Seminary Madison, New Jersey

Fred P. Corson, a.b., a.m., b.d.,

D.D., L.H.D.

Bishop and Past President World Methodist Council Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

F. Gerald Ensley, a.b., s.t.b.,

PH.D., D.D., L.H.D., LL.D.

Bishop and Past President World Methodist Council, Ameri- can Section Columbus, Ohio

Albea Godbold, b.a., b.d., m.a.,

PH.D., D.D.

Chairman of the Editorial Board

Frank H. CtrMBERS, b.a., b.d., d.d.

Book Steward and General Man- ager

The Methodist Publishing House, London (1948-1964)

Colchester, Essex, England

Maldwyn L. Edwards, m.a., b.d., PH.D., d.d. President Former International

John C. Bowmer, m.a., b.d., ph.d. Archivist Methodist Archives and Research

Centre London, England

Leland D. Case, b.a., m.a., litt.d.,

D.D.

Editor, Author, and Historian Former Editorial Director of Meth-

and Assistant to the General

Editor of the Encyclopedia Executive Secretary Emeritus,

Commission on Archives and

History The United Methodist Church Lake Junaluska, North Carolina

Frederick E. Maser, a.b., th.b., m.a., d.d., ll.d. Executive Secretary World Methodist Historical Society Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

T. Otto Nall, a.b., b.d., d.d., litt.

D., LL.D.

Bishop and President

Former Association of Methodist

Historical Societies The Methodist Church Hong Kong, China

John H. Ness, Jr., b.a., b.d., l.h.d. Executive Secretary Commission on Archives and

History The United Methodist Church Lake Junaluska, North Carolina

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Methodist Historical Society Bristol, England

John H. S. Kent, m.a., ph.d.

Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History

and Doctrine The University of Bristol, England (Overall British Editor)

CONSULTANTS

odist General Church Publica- tions Tucson, Arizona

J. Manning Potts, m.a., th.b.,

TH.M., D.D., LITT.D.

Former Editor and Church

Historian The Upper Room Crystal River, Florida

Frederick A. Norwood, b.a., b.d.,

PH.D.

Professor of the History of Chris- tianity Garrett Theological Seminary Evanston, Illinois

Louise L. Queen, Assistant to the General Editor Administrative Assistant Commission on Archives and His- tory The United Methodist Church Lake Junaluska, North Carolina

Lee F. Tuttle, a.b., b.d., d.d. General Secretary World Methodist Council Lake Junaluska, North Carohna

Elmer T. Clark, b.d., a.m., s.t.d., LL.D., litt.d. First General Editor (deceased 1966)

Odd Hagen, m.a., d.d., ll.d. Bishop and President World Methodist Council (deceased 1970)

Walter N. Vernon, Jr., a.b., m.a., b.d., litt.d.

Administrative Associate Editor United Methodist Board of Educa- tion Nashville, Tennessee

Edwin A. Schell, b.s., b.d. Archivist and Executive Secretary Baltimore Conference United

Methodist Historical Society Baltimore, Maryland

Bruce C. Souders, b.a., b.d.

Chairman of English Department Shenandoah College Winchester, Virginia

AREA EDITORS

And Their Responsibilities

HOBART B. AmSTUTZ

Bishop and Former Superintendent Malaysia Singapore Area. Eugene,

Oregon. South East Asia

Albert Aspey

Chairman of District and General

Superintendent The Portuguese Methodist Church.

Douro, Porto. Portugal EiLERT Bernhardt Minister. Oslo. Norway

David H. Bradley, b.a., m.a.,

PH.D.

Secretary, African Methodist Epis- copal Zion Church

Historical Society. Bedford, Penn- sylvania

A.M.E. Zion Church

Byron W. Clark

Field Correspondent, United Meth- odist Board of Missions, Manila, Philippine Islands.

Philippines

John B. Cobb, b.a., b.d., d.d.

Missionary to Japan (1918-1964)

Claremont, California

Japan

Donald G. L. Cragg, m.a., ph.d. John Wesley College, Alice, C.P.,

South Africa (together with Leslie A. Hewson) South Africa

Paul Elungworth, m.a., b.a. Missionary in Dahomey (1957-61)

and in Cameroon ( 1954-67) ; Education Secretary, Methodist

Missionary Society, London. Indonesia and Africa

Garfield Evans, m.a., d.d.

Pastor and College President in

Cuba (1924-57). Lakeland, Florida Cuba

George E. Failing, d.d.

Editor, The Wesleyan Methodist,

Marion, Indiana

The Wesleyan Methodist Church of America

Goldwin S. French, ph.d.

Chairman, Department of History,

McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Canada

R. D. Eric Gallagher, m.a., b.d. Secretary of the Conference, The

Methodist Church in Ireland. Belfast, (together with Frederick

JeflFery) Ireland

Ralph G. Gay, b.d.

Director, Wesley Foundation,

Glenville State College Glenville, West Virginia Christian Methodist Episcopal Church

Leslie R. M. Gilmore, b.a.

Secretary, Wesley Historical

Society of New Zealand, Morrisville, New Zealand Neiv Zealand

John O. Gross, s.t.b., d.d., s.t.d.,

L.H.D.

Former General Secretary of Edu- cational Institutions,

Board of Education, The Methodist Church

Nashville, Tennessee

Educational Institutions, U.S.A.

Leslie A. Hewson, m.a., ph.d.

Historian, South African Method- ism

Grahamstown, C.P., South Africa.

(together with Donald G. L. Cragg)

South Africa

Mansfield Hurtig, b.d. Minister.

Vastervik, Sweden. Finland and Sweden

Frederick Jeffery, o.b.e., b.a.,

A.K.C.

Vice Principal, Methodist College,

Belfast, Ireland (associated with

R. D. E. Gallagher). Ireland

Francis P. Jones, th.d.

Director of Literature Program for Nanking Theological Seminary, Foundation for Theological Edu- tion in Southeast Asia.

Claremont, California

China

Alan Keighley, b.d., m.a.

Pastor, English Language Congre- gation of (Rome) Chiesa Evangclica Methodista D'ltalia (to- gether with Reginald Kissack). Italy

Willis J. King, ph.d., d.d., ll.d. Bishop in Liberia (1944-56) New Orleans, Louisiana Liberia

Reginald Kissack, m.a., b.d.

Chairman of Liverpool District,

England, (former pastor in Rome) Italy

Byron S. Lamson, b.d., d.d.

Editor, The Free Methodist, Winona Lake, Indiana. Free Methodic Church

John Lawson, ph.d.

Associate Professor of Church

History, Candler School of Theology,

Atlanta, Georgia. Doctrinal Articles

Mrs. Eula Kennedy Long, b.a. Brazilian missionary leader and

author (1913-34). Roanoke, Virginia. Brazil

Neils Mann, b.d.

Pastor, Central Mission, Copenhagen, Denmark. Denmark

Edwin Maynard, a.b., m.a.

Editorial Director, Division of Interpretation,

United Methodist Church, Evans- ton, Illinois. Latin America

J. Gordon Melton, b.a., b.d.

Institute for the Study of American

Religion, Evanston, Illinois. Methodist Variations, U.S.A.

John H. Ness, Jr., b.a., b.d., l.h.d. E,\ecutive Secretary, Commission

on Archives and History, United Methodist Church, Lake

Junaluska, North Carolina. Evangelical United Brethren

Church

Ted Noffs, b.d.

Pastor, Wayside Chapel, Sydney,

Australia. Australia

J. Waskom Pickett, b.a., m.a.,

D.D., LL.D., L.H.D.

Bishop in India (1936-56). Dearborn, Michigan India

Ralph Habdee Rtves, ph.d.

Department of English, East Caro- lina University, Greenville, North Carolina. Methodist Protestant Church

Clement D. Rockey, m.a., ph.d. Bishop of Burma (1941-51); of Pakistan (1957-64).

Eugene, Oregon. Pakistan

Charles A. Sauer, m.a., d.d.

Former missionary and education

leader in Korea, Ashley, Ohio. Korea

Hermann Schaad, b.d. Pastor, Basel, Switzerland. Switzerland, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Austria

Shockley, b.d., m.a., Candler School of

Grant S ed.d.

Professor,

Theology, Atlanta, Georgia. A.M.E. Church

C. Ernst Sommer, m.a., m.ed.,

PH.D.

Bishop

Frankfurt.

Germany

Edwin L. Taylor, b.d.

Conference Secretary, The Meth- odist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas.

St. Johns, Antigua.

West Indies

Willl\m G. Thonger, d.d.

Former Superintendent, Belgian Conference.

AREA EDrrORS

Brussels. Belgium

Erris C. H. Tribbeck

Pastor, Rue Roquepine, Paris, (together with H. E. Whelpton) France

Vaclav Vancura

Methodist Superintendent in

Czechoslovakia. Podebrady. Czechoslovakia

Gustavo A. Velasco Professor, Mexico City. Mexico

Gaither p. Warfield, a.b., m.a., b.d., d.d. Former missionary to Poland, and

Executive Secretary, Methodist Commission on Overseas

Relief. Rockville, Maryland. Poland

H. E. Whelpton

Pastor, Mantes, Yvelines, France, (together with Erris C. H. Trib- beck) France

Werner T. Wickstrom, ph.d. Former missionary to Liberia. Harlingen, Texas (together with

Bishop Willis J. King). Liberia

HOBAHT B. AmSTUTZ

Southeast Asia

Albert Aspey Spain and Portugal

EiLERT Bernhardt Norway

David Bradley A.M.E. Zion Church

Byron W. Clark Phihppines

D, G. L. Cragg South Africa

Garfield Evans	George E. Failing	G. S. French	R. D. E. Gallagher
Cuba	Wesleyan Methodist Church of America	Canada	Ireland

Ralph G. Gay C.M.E. Church

L. R. M. Gilmore

New Zealand

John O. Gross

Educational

Institutions, U.S.A.

Mansfield Hubtig Sweden

Frederick Jeffery Ireland

Francis P. Jones China

Byron S. Lamson	John Lawson	EuLA K. Long	Niels Mann
Free Methodist	Doctrinal Articles	Brazil	Denmark
Church

Edwin H. Maynard South America

J. Gordon Melton

Methodist Variations, U.S.A.

Ted Noffs Australia

J. Waskom Pickett India

Ralph H. Rives M.P. Church

Clement D. Rockey Pakistan

Charles A. Sauer Korea

Hermann Schaad	Crant Shockley	C. Ernst Sommer	Edwin L. Taylor
Switzerland	A.M.E. Church	Germany	Church of the Caribbean

William G. Thonger Belgium

Vaclav Vancura Czechoslovakia

Gustavo A. Velasco Mexico

Gaither p. Wabfield Poland

History as a report of what has happened comes out of life. This is true also about our Methodist history. From its very beginning Methodism has been an ongoing move- ment. Individuals and people were by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit converted, committed and commissioned to serve other individuals and nations with the new- creating Word of God. We can today see the footprints of these marvelous people all over the world and we sincerely hope that Methodism's endless hne of splendor has not yet come to an end.

Interwoven in this Methodist movement are persons, institutions, initiatives, changes, fulfillments and much more. Some people have names well known to World Methodism and even to World Christianity. Other names are not so well known but beloved in their own part of the world for what they did in promoting the Kingdom of God. Some of these people, institutions, movements are

already forgotten by most of us, but others are still in fresh remembrance.

These volumes are written to make history alive, that we should not forget our forefathers. If you find this story well written, it may partly be due to the authors and editors, and we certainly thank those who have edited these volumes, the late Dr. Elmer T. Clark and these last years. Bishop Nolan B. Harmon. But it is in the first hand thanks to those who wrote history with their life and work and so fully committed themselves to the Divine caUing that history became ahve.

Stockholm, March 8, 1968

Odd Hagen

President, World Methodist Council

Bishop, Northern Europe Area

D II

In this modem age it is natural that the Methodist Church in various countries should seek closer union with churches akin to it in theological emphases and historical antecedents. Nevertheless there persists as strongly as ever the realisation of Methodists that, in John Wesley's phrase, they are one people in all the world. They honour their common beginnings in the 18th century, they rejoice in their theological emphases and social witness, and they believe that each member of the World Methodist Council can bring its own riches to the common treasury.

For all these reasons it is not only essential to have periodic meetings of the Council and its Executive, to- gether with visits of ministers and laymen to various countries, but also an authoritative work of historical reference for Methodists everywhere. The French have a proverb that in order to jump forward one must step back. We do not go back to Wesley and our fathers as a means of escapism. In a word, it is not back to Wesley but forward from Wesley. We know our past in order that we may plan our future. Without such knowledge as this massive work of research supplies, we would not know our genealogy, nor the roll-call of our

honoured dead, nor the legacy into which we have entered.

The Encyclopedia is of special interest in its world- wide reference. Even the most knowledgeable may be unaware of the inspiring story of Methodism in countries other than their owti.

Most important of all in this ecumenical age is the need for Methodists to know their own history and dis- tinctive witness in order that they may enter fruitfully into dialogue with members of other churches.

For all these reasons this work, which may properly be called unique, needs not only to be in public but private libraries. It has been edited with distinction and it will be welcomed and deeply appreciated by all those who know that our future is indissolubly linked with our past.

Cardiff, Wales, May 24, 1968 Maldwyn Edwards President, International Methodist Historical Society.

PREFAC]

This Encyclopedia is designed to give helpful informa- tion regarding the history, doctrines, institutions, and important personages, past and present, of world Meth- odism. For well over half a century Methodist ecumenical gatherings and historical societies have been requesting such a publication — one which might embody in a clear, comprehensive way the works and ways of the Methodist movement over the whole world.

In response to this expressed need, some years ago Dr. Elmer T. Clark, then both executive secretary of the Association of Methodist Historical Societies and the American secretary of the World Methodist Council, be- gan to make plans and to collate material for what was then planned as a "Methodist Dictionary." Dr. Clark had numerous conferences with historians, publishers, libra- rians, and other interested persons both in Britain and in America. Repeated contacts were made with representa- tives of the Methodist "connection" in many lands, all of whom proved helpful and cooperative, and a vast amount of material began to be gathered from far and near.

Dr. Clark, however, because of advancing years, asked to be relieved of editorial responsibility in 1964, and to the regret of all has not lived to see the completion of this work. The present editor took charge upon Dr. Clark's retirement, and he, with a competent stafiF of writers, consultants, and collaborators, has endeavored to carry through and finish the work so well planned and begun these several years ago.

The Enajchpedia of World Methodism, as it came to be called, was sponsored and financed by the World Methodist Council and the Commission on Archives and History of The United Methodist Church, formerly known as the Association of Methodist Historical Societies. The Publishing House of The United Methodist Church, U.S.A., has generously assumed the expense both of pub- lishing and promoting the Encyclopedia, looking to the editors to be responsible for the compilation of the complete manuscript, and for the relevance and accuracy of all items herein presented.

It should be noted that almost a century ago a Cyclopaedia of Methodism was compiled and published by Bishop Matthew Simpson of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America. Likewise, Canadian Methodism brought out the Cyclopedia of Methodism in Canada in 1881, edited by the Reverend George H. Cornish; and the Centennial Encyclopedia of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, edited by Bishop Richard R. Wright, Jr., was pubhshed in 1916. But Bishop Simpson's Cyclopaedia has long been outdated, and while it en- deavored in its day to reflect Methodism in America, in Britain, and, as far as then was possible, in other lands, it naturally fell short of the comprehensiveness which a like publication must have today. Furthermore, epochal changes over the whole earth, as well as the enormous growth of Methodism itself, have occurred since 1876 when Simpson compiled his work, and with this growth

has come a vast amount of new content, as well as of change, in world-wide Methodism. The present editors, however, would like to acknowledge their indebtedness to Bishop Simpson's Cyclopaedia as a pathfinder in this effort. The Canadian work is largely a biographical listing of the ministers and churches of that land, though we are indebted to it and to the Canadian editor for many in- formative articles which are to be found therein. The same is true also of the African Methodist Episcopal Church encyclopedia, which makes quite a contribution in outlining the personalities and institutions of that con- nection.

As world-wide Methodism itself has become more and more conscious of its unity, and more and more assured, as John Wesley expressed it, that "the Methodists are one people," the time has arrived for an encyclopedic publication to be produced not for one land or church, but for ecumenical Methodism itself. The editors and the sponsors of this work, therefore, hope to provide for the ministers and thinking laity of the Methodist connection everywhere, and for all other interested persons, the means whereby may be ascertained all manner of essential facts regarding Methodist history and development in the past, as well as its personal and institutional life of the present — and this in all lands and among all people where Methodism has made its home.

Since The United Methodist Church in America (which has underwritten the expenses of this project) with its eleven million members is the largest organized body among the Methodist Churches of the world, it is almost inevitable that the history, organization, institutions, and personalities of that church should take up a proportion- ately greater part of this work than do the other Methodist bodies herein presented. It is hoped that the world-wide Methodist public for whom this work is produced will understand and sympathize with this fact, as well as with the difficulties of securing comparable information from every other Methodist community throughout the world — though this last has painstakingly been at- tempted.

The Methodist Church of Great Britain has shared greatly in planning and collating the material for this Encyclopedia, and through a competent original planning committee and a talented editor, is to be thanked for an enoimous contribution to its publication. Admittedly, all the Methodisms of the world stand in debt to that of Great Britain as the cradle of the whole movement. Our British editorial staff therefore has taken great pains to set forth as far as possible all matters having to do with the beginnings of Methodism in Britain; and the historic sites, cities, important activities, and leading persons of the Methodist movement there, from its beginning until now, will be found in these pages. Many British writers have contributed interpretative articles of great value, as well as of historical import, to these pages.

In the coverage extended by this Enctjclopedia to all organized Methodist Churches in various parts of the world, it will of course be understood that practically all these have stemmed either from British or American Methodism. Thus their particular organizational patterns, rituals, service books, and nomenclature have been pri- marily influenced by one or the other of these two mother- land Mefhodisms from which they came. A more detailed description and heavier emphasis, therefore, has had to be placed upon the antecedent British and American "connections" and their fundamental organizational pro- cesses than it has been possible to give to different Meth- odist groupings in other parts of the world. The Methodist bodies today are not only many and varied, but have each in their turn modified through the years their re- spective original organizational and worship patterns. Obviously it would be well-nigh impossible to follow out all such changes in each church now treated in this work.

For instance, the organization of the General Board of Missions of The United Methodist Church, or as it is in England, the Methodist Missionary Society, can each respectively be described in overall and fairly specific separate accounts, bringing up to date their present activities. But it would be impossible in this work to attempt to tell how each of the separate Methodist con- nections in different parts of the world, or the different Methodist Churches as now organized, carry on the details of their particular missionary work. We do, however, in the overall article relating to each church or connection (apart from the United Methodist Church or the British Methodisms) endeavor to outline that church's general work in the field of missions, as also in that of education, publishing interests, etc.

Method of Compilation

In compiling this work, it was necessary to secure an editor and in some instances an editorial staff in each respective land or in each organized branch of Methodism. These editors assumed the responsibility of fumi.shing primarily a general history of the development of Meth- odism in their particular region or separately organized church; and also of preparing biographies of those persons who, past and present, have had the most to do with its progress. The names of the respective editors with the countries or churches they have represented in this compilation will be found in the list of Area Editors.

In addition to the regional editors, as those for instance in South Africa, Germany, South America, New Zealand, etc., the large, separately organized Methodist connec- tions which have stemmed from the Methodist Episcopal Church in America — such as the African Methodist Epis- copal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, the Free Methodist Church, and others — have likewise each been represented by a special editor chosen in almost all cases from the particular connection involved. These per- sons have been responsible in their turn for compiling and sending in the material descriptive of the life, in- stitutions, and personalities who have been a part of their church's institutional hfe. In one or two instances it was found difficult to secure an editor from the connec- tion to be treated, and therefore it was necessary to secure other knowledgeable and competent editorial help.

American Historical Societies

In the United States, the Methodist Historical Societies of the different annual conferences and regions were originally asked to nominate the persons and institutions whose accounts should be treated, in order that a history of the progress of Methodism in their respective areas might be obtained. Each official Historical Society was at an early date supplied with printed forms on which they nominated personalities, colleges, pioneer churches, camp grounds, and the like, which had meant much in their past Methodist life. They were also asked to indicate persons who might be able to write authoritatively con- cerning such items nominated for inclusion. In taking over from Dr. Clark the task of completing this work, the present editor followed this same course until from all the annual conferences in the U.S.A. he had secured listings which the regional Methodist leaders or Historical Societies felt would represent fairly their own organiza- tions. The editor of the Encyclopedia and sponsoring authorities have been guided by each local Historical Society's judgment upon the names and institutions which they indicated should be included — or excluded.

In addition to these nominations from regional editors and Historical Societies, Bishop Simpson's Cyclopaedia of Methodism of a hundred years ago was carefully ex- amined, as well as other books which might be expected to contain a treatment of important persons or events perhaps otherwise overlooked.

For the record of significant personalities, the editors searched Who's Who in American Methodism, edited by Carl Price (1916); and also Who's Who in Methodism edited by Elmer T. Clark (1952); as well as Who's Who in The Methodist Church, published by the A.N. Marquis Company (1966). Clinton Howell's Prominent Personali- ties in American Methodism (1945) was also carefully examined. It is inevitable that some omissions will be noticed which should have been included; and there wall also probably be instances where the inclusion of certain items or biographies will be called in question. All has however been subject to editorial review and definite action with regard to every item. (The special guide- lines which were adopted in selecting biographies will be indicated later in this Preface. )

Categories of Presentation

Beside the regional editors and those for the different large Methodist connectional bodies which have their own life and history, there are various categories of pre- sentation in this work each of which was put under the supervision of a competent editor. Such separate, but important, fields as Methodist doctrine, education and educational institutions, eleemosynary institutions, worship practices and ritual — each of these categories was super- vised by a special editor. In the list of Area Editors will be found the names of these special editors, and their re- sponsibilities.

Biographical Coverage

It will be noticed that a very large proportion of the Encyclopedia is taken up with biography — the lives of men and women whose careers had much to do with the Methodist movement in their respective lands and times.

This is because admittedly the story of Methodism cannot be told apart from the Methodists who have made it. We have therefore endeavored in this work to outline the lives and indicate the character of all persons who have had a significant part in its larger life. Some have been very important, some not so important, but each person appearing in this work has been nominated for inclusion by those who were in position to evaluate the lives so chosen, and to judge of their import in their respective fields of endeavor. If, therefore, biographies seem to take up more space than is usual in a work of this nature, it is because Methodism has always been best represented by persons rather than by historical or documentary rec- ords, or even by ongoing institutions. Furthermore, one of the chief uses to which an encyclopedia of this nature is to be put is that of 'looking up" basic details about particular individuals.

The Inclusion of Living Persons

The inclusion of the biographies of living persons in this Encyclopedia was a matter carefully considered. However, it was decided by a vote of the Editorial Board of the project in a meeting in 1964 that a truncated view of world Methodism would be presented if every living Methodist among its present-day millions should be excluded from these pages. Since, however, no life can be safely evaluated until its record is complete, it was decided that although those living Methodists who are involved in the larger work of their churches should be included, they should be treated in brief biographical sketches outlining only their biographical data with the more important positions they have held or now hold, and that no attempt be made to evaluate editorially their contribution. In the case of all those who have completely finished their course, however, and who may be seen in the larger perspective of the years, it has been our en- deavor to summarize and evaluate in some perceptive way their distinctive part in the work of world-wide Methodism.

In deciding what living persons would appear in this work, it was determined that such persons should have, or have had, some official connection with the larger institutional work of one of our general Methodist Church bodies. There are many famous Methodists over the world whose names will be written large in universal history, but unless such persons have actually participated in a definite way in the organizational or some other funda- mental aspect of the work of their respective general churches, it was decided somewhat regretfully that their biographies could not be included. Among the Methodists of the United States, for instance, there have been scores of Methodist members of the Congress, a great number of governors of states, captains of industry, and able representatives in almost every field of public influence — astronauts, beauty queens, athletes of Olympic renown, physicians, lawyers, soldiers, men and women high in all manner of professions and occupations. Many of these have proved to be of great worth in their own local Methodist churches, but the editors deemed it wise to place in this work only those whose lives and talents have in some special way been involved in the work of the general Church. There are a few exceptions to this rule, but such exceptions will be seen as so clearly impor- tant that the editors felt that these instances should be included, or the Encyclopedia would be lacking.

Specificalh', we have tried to include all who have come within the following categories:

( 1 ) All bishops in the various Episcopal Methodisms.

(2) All presidents of Conferences, as in England, and in the non-Episcopal connections. These will be found, as are the bishops, in their respective church tabular listings in the Appendix, with the years of their presidency. The biographical sketches of certain out- standing presidents and other leaders, as provided by the area editor in the respective lands or connections, are included alphabetically in the main body of this work.

(3) General Church officers and executives who have been elected to their respective positions by a repre- sentative church board or agency, and who have served in such an executive position for at least eight years, or who were members of the Council of Secretaries in 1971. This will necessarily exclude those executives who have been selected or appointed to a lesser posi- tion in a general board.

(4) College presidents who are now retired but who have served as president of a Methodist or Methodist- related institution for at least ten years before retire- ment. Also certain active college presidents have been so outstanding in the larger work of the church that the editors representing their particular region or connec- tion have nominated them and written their biographi- cal sketches for the main body of the work.

(5) Certain city pastors, who by reason of their eminence and the status of the churches which they serve or have served, especially if such pastors have been members of any General Conference, or have served in a commanding pastorate or pastorates for at least ten years.

Some persons who might otherwise be qualified in the above listings may possibly have been omitted through inadvertence. It will be understood that all editorial deci- sions have been made in good faith. In some cases desired biographical accounts have not been furnished.

Also it will be understood that with scores of different writers supplying their respective accounts from different regions, it is almost inevitable that these will differ some- what in length and in type of treatment. The importance of a character treated in these pages therefore is not to be measured by the length of his biographic sketch, nor should the inconsequential incidents often to be found in a biography be discounted, as these may reflect a life more aptly than do titles held or work done.

Sites and Historic Shrines

The part played by the liistorical record is prominent in almost every item covered. Indeed the demand for the Encyclopedia has come largely from the Historical Societies, whose chief interest, as their name implies, is in recording the eventful past. Therefore, it has been our aim to record the beginning and development of Methodism in each place where it is now established, together with an up-to-date evaluation of its present status and potentiality.

Every effort has been made to include all noteworthy pioneer preaching places, churches, sites, and historic shrines reflecting significant beginnings in any land or mission field. Here the nominations of the respective Historical Societies and those of the editors representing

the different lands of the world have had to be depended upon. We covet for this Encyclopedia that it may outline the development of Methodist history in each region of the world where there are, or ever have been (as once there were in Russia and mainland China) Methodist churches.

Doctrinal Articles

While disclaiming the effort to set forth in a complete way the theological and doctrinal position of present-day world-wide Methodism, we have undertaken to present in a series of doctrinal articles (listed under their own subject matter) what we should like to consider the norm of Methodist teaching in regard to each such doctrine. It is not the aim of this Encyclopedia to reflect any specific present-day school of Methodist thought, since these admittedly vary greatly, hut to present the basic teaching of John Wesley, and of the early Methodist fathers upon each subject herein treated, with an indica- tion of such later developments as may be considered generally normative in present-day Methodist thought. Able scholars, and scholarly critics, in addition to the capable editor of these doctrinal articles, have assisted in these presentations.

The United Methodist Church

After the compilation of the Encyclopedia had pro- ceeded far toward a conclusion. The Methodist Church, U.S.A., joined The Evangelical United Brethren Church in 1968 to form The United Methodist Church. In view of this late but important development, it became neces- sary to re-edit much of the Methodist material already in manuscript form, to make it conform to the late changes in organizational pattern and nomenclature. The editors are well aware, and trust that our readers will also be aware, that organizational changes due to the recent formation of The United Methodist Church are continuing to take place and will no doubt continue to take place in years yet to be, as happens with all living institutions. Also, just at this time, various Methodist bodies formerly connected to one or the other of the large Methodist connections are becoming autonomous churches — e.g. Burma, Cuba, Argentina, Chile, while other regions are expecting to become autonomous soon. Such recent and impending changes, while making our editorial task more difficult and forcing a delay in publication, gives great promise ecclesiastically for Methodism over the world. As the Baltimore Bicentennial of 1966 put it, Methodism is "forever beginning."

Since the Evangelical United Brethren Church has now merged into American Methodism, it was necessary to secure the history and development of that church, not only in America but over the world, since that now be- longs in this Encyclopedia as completely as does that of any other Methodist body. This called at a late hour for the preparation and inclusion of many more articles covering the biographical sketches, institutions, etc., of the Evangelical United Brethren Church exactly as had been the case with all other Methodisms included here. This should be understood by Methodists in other lands when they find in this Encyclopedia United Brethren in Christ, Evangelical Association, United Evangelical, and Evangelical Church accounts.

The Evangehcal United Brethren, as their history will

show, originally had a close affiliation with American Methodism so that no great strain was put upon either connection when The United Methodist Church was formed. It is hoped that this Encyclopedia will be of value to those in the former Evangehcal United Brethren tradition by indicating to them much of the history and life of Methodism of which they are now a part; and that in turn Methodists will be able to find in the Evangelical United Brethren records and histories now incorporated in these pages much information that will be of help to them in this larger brotherhood of The United Methodist Church.

Educational and Eleemosynary Institutions

It was not found possible to set forth the record of every educational institution which had been spon.sored by, or is now in connection with The United Methodist Church except those which are presently in existence, and which came into existence during the nineteenth century. Nor is it possible to hst any but the chief educa- tional institutions in connection with the Methodist churches of other lands. Reference may be made to the records of the Boards of Education and kindred agencies of the various Methodist Churches, by those who wish to make a study of the almost innumerable academies, schools, and colleges which flourished, or did not flourish, during the nineteenth century. We have not endeavored to describe those which ended before 1900. There are certain historic exceptions to this procedure, as for in- stance the first Cokesbury College, Transylvania College, and Augusta College in the United States. There are also certain other institutions which had such influence while they lasted that the Encyclopedia would lack something if their records should not be told.

We do however carry a table in the Appendix giving the names and immediate statistics of the many present- day educational institutions of The United Methodist Church. The more significant of these, we describe in- dividually under their own names in the main body of this work.

The same sort of table will be found listing the hospitals and homes, orphanages, and the like, now in connection with The United Methodist Church in the United States. Of these, something like forty of the most important will be described under their own names in the body of the work. These forty were nominated by persons in what was then the Board of Hospitals and Homes of The Methodist Church and who were in position to make a competent judgment upon such an evaluation.

The same procedure which was adopted in the case of defunct Methodist colleges has been followed with ref- erence to early camp meeting sites, and also many camp grounds, youth assembly sites, etc. Some have been begun within recent years and are sHll in existence. Certain of these aie today sponsored and maintained by annual con- ferences, and quite often their records are mentioned in connection with the history of such conferences. How- ever, there has been a plethora of camp grounds all over American Methodism during its past, and even in its present years, and it is not possible to identify and catalog all of them. Exceptional situations such as Chautauqua, New York; Asbury Park in New Jersey; and the Seashore Assembly on the Gulf Coast — these, and possibly a few others of high import in early days, have been described.

NOMENCLATITRE AND STATISTICS

Mention has been made of the fact that British and American Methodism have been the two prime centers from which later Methodist Churches and missions stemmed. However, since the Methodisms of Britain and of America have come to differ in certain particulars, especially in nomenclature, organization, and the hke, it is often necessary to explain certain of these differences in the more important instances where they occur. Happily there are not many such, and the differences noted usually have more to do with nomenclature than with funda- mental life and processes.

The matter of including present-day statistics reflecting the strength and immediate moves of many present-day Methodist churches has given some concern since by its very nature an encyclopedia may not keep up with ephemeral changes. However, it was decided that while statistics might soon be "out-dated" in the ongoing of the years, this Encyclopedia to be